…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995;30:16975…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause…

…must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children. Physiological and anatomical development…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the United States…

…diminishes in parallel with increasing myocardial load (and hence oxygen demand). The most common causes of acute aortic regurgitation are aortic dissection , endocarditis and trauma …

…must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children. Physiological and anatomical development…

…total and cardiovascular mortality ( Curtis et al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death than the…

…vital organs than systolic blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and…

…not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to…

…the timing varies considerably between regimens. Neutropenia can also be caused by haematological malignancy, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs, radiotherapy, bone marrow failure and certain…

…and regadenoson create blood flow disparities between healthy and diseased coronary arteries, allowing ischemia to be detected during imaging. Exercise is the preferred method for…

…Detecting multivessel disease requires quantification of absolute coronary blood flow. This is possible using PET scanners, which also allow for the evaluation of microvascular function…

…Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale There is a strong correlation between a person's perceived exertion rating times 10 and the actual heart rate…

…who declines blood transfusion. The decision must be documented and alternatives (iron, tranexamic acid, cell salvage, haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a…

…The set up and the instructions decide whether the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended…

…blood pressure is not markedly elevated. These apparent J shaped associations are considered unreliable for guiding treatment because of potential confounding, reverse causality, and the…

…exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood. Tissue factor within the plaque and tissue factor bearing microparticles contribute to activation of coagulation…

…vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart, taking the mean of the last…

…of headache, palpitations, sweating and pallor that may suggest phaeochromocytoma. Systemic sclerosis, kidney disease, autoimmune disease or previous thrombotic microangiopathy. Antidepressants can affect the blood…

…assessment of peripheral arterial and aortic disease; planned surgery, especially carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or major non cardiac surgery. The vascular…

…90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…large outcome trials have clarified, and in some cases substantially narrowed, the role of revascularization itself in stable coronary artery disease, while a distinct evidence…

…to the volume passing the aortic valve. Stroke volume, the amount of blood ejected into the aorta, is calculated by measuring the area and VTI…

…hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass…

…Inflammation contributes to atherothrombosis through activation of innate immune pathways, cytokine signalling and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway…

…Clinical features Occlusion of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) abruptly interrupts blood flow to both the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx…

…perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal lesion. Revascularisation improves myocardial blood flow and…

…renal disease The possibility of a secondary cause The medical and medication histories should specifically assess drugs or substances that may increase blood pressure. The…

…at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status…

…is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection…

…epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or structural and functional microvascular disease. Thus, the presence of non obstructive epicardial arteries does not exclude a coronary cause of symptoms…

…the Framingham Heart Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease…

…propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Ultrasound systems have become cheaper, more portable…

…more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist circumference associated with risk varies…

…blood flow appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure, lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting…

…Dietary Patterns Cardiovascular disease and mortality The strongest long term evidence supports Mediterranean or DASH style patterns that emphasize minimally processed foods and healthy fats…

…in bradycardia (Figure 1). Cardiac output and blood pressure, rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non…

…partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions and/or T…

…function declines and as albuminuria increases. When eGFR falls below approximately 60–75 mL/min/1.73 m², the probability of coronary artery disease (CAD…

…blood pressure despite multidrug treatment rather than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies in its association with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of…

…risk of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow the…

…relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors…

…and hyperthyroidism Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia, or severe coronary or valvular disease Recent…

…deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion…

…the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more than an exact estimate of blood loss…

…a confirmed indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications and overall cardiovascular risk influence whether…

…posture. Specific triggers are well recognized and include: Provoked fear, pain, anxiety, intense emotion, the sight of blood, unpleasant sights and odors, and orthostatic stress…

…tremens the aim should be a calm, mildly somnolent but rousable patient, while ventilation, circulation and underlying disease are monitored [3]. The management of complicated…

…medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care…

…70% of older adults presenting with myocardial infarction, stroke, acute aortic syndromes, or heart failure have preexisting hypertension. The relationship between blood pressure and outcome…

…venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage. Sensory loss extending beyond the toes and…

…the free edge of the pinna. Autoimmune disease with Raynaud's phenomenon. Preparation and equipment Liquid nitrogen in a flask (−196 °C) and a cryospray…

…of a millilitre, at most about 0.5 mL. A larger volume draws in peripheral blood and dilutes the specimen. Marrow clots within seconds; the…

…interstitial collagen of the cap, leading to structural failure. Rupture exposes highly thrombogenic subendothelial matrix components, notably tissue factor and collagen, to the circulating blood …

…central to the safe administration of these agents. Continuous blood pressure and rhythm monitoring are mandatory, particularly when utilising dobutamine, to ensure the lowest effective…

…obstruction of pulmonary blood flow increases RV pressure load and may impair RV filling and forward output. The resulting syndrome may progress to systemic congestion…

…dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease …