…kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

…infectious diseases physician early in a high risk course, in instability, with resistance problems, or with suspected fungal infection 10 Document the times of triag

…are distinguished by the history and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies…

…atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The broader therapeutic principle is that LDL C reduction is associated with cardiovascular benefit regardless of the…

…INR before the first dose. A raised baseline value suggests liver disease or vitamin K deficiency and must be investigated before treatment is started. 2…

…with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients treated with ticagrelor. Patients with a history of ischemic stroke can be…

…sporadic, age related disease characterized by a normal TTR genetic sequence [9, 19]. It is currently considered the most frequent form of CA worldwide [15]…

…with established coronary disease found fewer cardiovascular events with Mediterranean dietary interventions than with low fat control diets. In one trial of patients with previous…

…oxidative stress. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease affects approximately 10% of non obese individuals and up to 65% of patients with metabolic syndrome. A…

…injury. Eclampsia is the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes or transaminases…

…Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min or dialysis dependent (3 points) Age ≥75 years: (2 points) Prior Bleeding: History of any…

…explanations include congenital heart disease, liver disease, airway or lung disease, and hyperthyroidism; follow up and investigation of the cause of increased flow are appropriate…

…arterial disease, addition to statins further reduces major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE), and improves walking distance. The role of…

…attack (TIA). Severely impaired liver function classified as Child Pugh Class C. Dosage Adults Initial dose : A single loading dose of 60 mg. Maintenance dose…

…background therapies 17%–25% In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately…

…High intensity statin therapy remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease…

…apnea primarily reflect the extent of weight loss, the reductions in hard cardiovascular outcomes (MI, stroke) and metabolic liver disease involve significant weight independent pathways…

…stroke or TIA. The presence of mitral stenosis, a mechanical heart valve or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart failure, hypertension, diabetes and vascular disease. Age and sex…

…morphine Morphine has an active renally excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of them…

…negligible, and doses do not require reduction in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging…

…fatty liver disease. Interpretation of the Agatston Score The score should be interpreted both by its absolute value and in relation to age and sex…

…approximately 1% of live births, and 10% of aborted fetuses, with no significant geographical variations. Roughly 25% of children with congenital heart disease require intervention…

…is defined as the subjective perception of a rapid heart rate. These terms are often used interchangeably both in clinical practice and in the literature…

…the treatment of Sarcoma, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Lymphocytic, and Hodgkin Disease, among others. It is a novel, broad spectrum hydroxamic acid based inhibitor of histone deacetylase…

…has been abandoned in the modern literature for commercial preparations at normal concentrations; be cautious nonetheless in known peripheral vascular disease and follow local practice…

…three main questions discussed in media, blogs and on social plattforms: Is high cholesterol a true cause of coronary artery disease? Does diet affect cholesterol…

…worldwide have hypertension. Symptoms of hypertension Hypertension is most often asymptomatic. The high prevalence and asymptomatic nature of the disease motivates liberal screening among adult

…restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked obesity or spinal disease that…

…aortic and mitral valve must also be evaluated, particularly in the setting of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the tricuspid annulus…

…patients with impaired renal function, reflecting both reduced clearance and the high prevalence of structural heart disease in this population. Obesity is associated with lower…

…for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in high income…

…wrong patient — a mislabelled tube, or an identity check performed at the nurses' station instead of at the bedside. The check against the patient's…

…92 % where there is a risk of carbon dioxide retention (COPD, obesity hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease). Both hypoxia and liberal oxygen administration are associated with worse…

…Recent studies on COVID 19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 have been elucidated in recent studies from China and Italy (1–5…

…serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, in the first place, an echocardiographic examination is done. With echocardiography, good conditions…

…pediatric and neonatal care must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children…

…pediatric and neonatal care must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children…

…with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk has been documented across a broad range of conditions…

…sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be…

…the article follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle…

…cardiomyopathies and channelopathies. Nevertheless, apparently sporadic disease may result from: Incomplete penetrance of a variant inherited from a parent. A de novo variant. Less commonly…

…structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters have been introduced to assess left ventricular function. The majority of these parameters…

…management, treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease. The biological differences between females and males arise partly from the chromosomal distinction between XX and XY…

…development of heart failure in the preserved and mildly reduced EF ranges, and obesity is increasingly recognised as a potential contributor. Coronary artery disease is…

…leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may…

…Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation (aneurysm) Hypertension Aortic dissection, proximal Marfan syndrome…

…of blood flow to vital organs than systolic blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases…

…For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e CCS). The new…

…updated. For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e. CCS). The…

…reduce stroke risk, and detection may lead to inappropriate anxiety and invasive procedures. Symptomatic disease Symptoms of carotid disease include: TIA; ischaemic stroke; focal neurological…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of…

…on lesion location, severity, length, the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be clinically silent, manifest as exertional symptoms, or progress…

…significant coronary artery disease, potentially resulting in false negative findings. Radiotracers in myocardial perfusion imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium…

…of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease…