…intraluminal pressure. Coronary blood flow is also influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic influences; sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction through the release of norepinephrine, while parasympathetic…

…construct images with high spatial and temporal resolution. PET offers higher spatiotemporal quality, as compared with SPECT. Quantification of blood flow using PET Quantitative PET…

…of validity — usually about five days — because new antibodies can form after transfusion or pregnancy. Check the validity before ordering blood ; an expired type and…

…The set up and the instructions decide whether the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended…

…baseline blood pressure is not markedly elevated. These apparent J shaped associations are considered unreliable for guiding treatment because of potential confounding, reverse causality, and…

…an integrated assessment of six components: Symptoms Exercise performance (functional capacity, exercise capacity) Heart rate: maximal heart rate, heart rate response Blood pressure reaction ECG…

…suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart, taking the mean of the…

…reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia and, when prolonged or severe, myocardial necrosis. It most commonly reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an…

…linearly with diabetes and carotid atherosclerosis tends to be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid disease is also a marker of systemic cardiovascular…

…with acute coronary syndrome, randomized evidence has demonstrated lower rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has…

…an intimal tear permits blood to enter the diseased aortic media. Blood then propagates along the wall, creating a true lumen and a false lumen…

…and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to coronary disease…

…of headache, palpitations, sweating and pallor that may suggest phaeochromocytoma. Systemic sclerosis, kidney disease, autoimmune disease or previous thrombotic microangiopathy. Antidepressants can affect the blood…

…hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass…

…large outcome trials have clarified, and in some cases substantially narrowed, the role of revascularization itself in stable coronary artery disease, while a distinct evidence…

…Clinical features Occlusion of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) abruptly interrupts blood flow to both the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx…

…perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal lesion. Revascularisation improves myocardial blood flow and…

…or renal disease The possibility of a secondary cause The medical and medication histories should specifically assess drugs or substances that may increase blood pressure…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995;30:16975…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…blood pressure despite multidrug treatment rather than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies in its association with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of…

…will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow. Acute coronary syndromes are subdivided into STE ACS and NSTE ACS …

…function declines and as albuminuria increases. When eGFR falls below approximately 60–75 mL/min/1.73 m², the probability of coronary artery disease (CAD…

…oxygen demand and coronary blood supply, resulting in myocardial hypoperfusion or ischaemia. Ischaemia is commonly precipitated by exertion, emotional stress, or another form of physiological…

…relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors…

…and hyperthyroidism Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia, or severe coronary or valvular disease Recent…

…occurs after an abrupt reduction or cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration…

…blood flow appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and…

…the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more than an exact estimate of blood loss…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…

…a confirmed indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications and overall cardiovascular risk influence whether…

…multivessel disease, or global impairment of microvascular vasodilation, regional differences may be underestimated. PET addresses this limitation by allowing absolute myocardial blood flow quantification and…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage. Sensory loss extending beyond the toes and…

…deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion…

…In acute PE, obstruction of pulmonary blood flow increases RV pressure load and may impair RV filling and forward output. The resulting syndrome may progress…

…propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Ultrasound systems have become cheaper, more portable…

…identify significant valve disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy, LV dysfunction, or other pathology that could affect the safety or interpretation of the examination. Evaluation and Physical Examination…

…artery disease In clinical practice, myocardial ischemia occurs in numerous situations. In stable angina pectoris, there are atherosclerotic plaques which limit coronary blood flow and…

…continuum of disease, recognizing that the underlying atherothrombotic pathophysiology is shared across these presentations [6, 7] . NSTEMI vs. Unstable Angina The distinction between NSTEMI and…

…life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold agglutinin disease, cold urticaria. Relative: Basal cell carcinoma and squamous…

…local availability, and cost. The pathophysiological substrate of angina may differ between patients. Myocardial ischaemia may result predominantly from obstructive epicardial coronary disease, coronary vasospasm…

…of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and…

…This helps explain the neurological manifestations of preeclampsia and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately…

…chambers, blood pool, and vascular structures is limited. CCTA has become an important first line investigation for selected patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…be small — a few tenths of a millilitre, at most about 0.5 mL. A larger volume draws in peripheral blood and dilutes the specimen…

…approximately 10% of patients with hypertension and in approximately 20% of those with resistant hypertension. It is also more frequent with increasing blood pressure severity…

…COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for ventilatory support…

…tamponade, and sudden: Loss of pulse. Loss of blood pressure. Loss of consciousness. Electromechanical dissociation or pulseless electrical activity despite ongoing sinus rhythm on the…

…may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur in the context of acute myocardial ischaemia, though…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…the amount of blood ejected into the aorta, is calculated by measuring the area and VTI in the LVOT: SV = area LVOT • VTI LVOT…

…and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin…

…HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure, lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting…

…PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause. PAH reflects marked pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes…

…or pulseless VT (i.e. shockable), and the probability of survival is higher (since these arrhythmias can be defibrillated). Likewise, the later the ECG is…