…and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part of an inferoposterior or posterolateral infarction…

…etc. ) may ultimately lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with…

…leads to atrial hypertrophy and dilation. Atrial dilation causes a significantly increased risk of atrial fibrillation. The increase in left atrial pressure may also propagate…

…Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension. Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure…

…wall stress, which can be alleviated by ventricular hypertrophy and dilation: Wall stress = (Pressure LV × radius LV ) / (2 × WT LV ) LV = left ventricle;…

…in the left ventricle and left atrium. Chronic aortic regurgitation leads to dilatation and hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Cardiac remodeling Ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy…

…TAD on the electrocardiogram. Echocardiography in ARVC Echocardiography shows global right ventricular dilation. The left ventricle and the septum are generally spared. Regional wall motion…

…causes increased right ventricular load, which results in increased oxygen demand and dilatation of the right ventricle. Despite the dilation, myocardial ischemia will develop if…

…left ventricular hypertrophy and mass. Initially, myocardial abnormalities may be subclinical. Progressive dilation can subsequently impair left ventricular ejection fraction. Enlargement of the left ventricle…

…actually a stronger predictor of death than the atherosclerotic burden. Assessment of the size, mass, geometry, and function of the left ventricle is fundamental for…

…to the left and downwards ( Figure 7 ). The explanation for this is as follows: The vector resulting from activation of the right ventricle does not…

…ECG signs of left atrial enlargement 3 Left axis deviation 2 QRS duration ≥90 milliseconds 1 Prolonged R wave peak time: V1 V2 (right ventricle)…

…1. Measurement of mitral inflow velocities. Mitral E wave velocity The E wave represents passive blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle…

…The duration of the P wave will exceed 120 milliseconds in lead II. Biatrial abnormality/enlargement Biatrial abnormality implies that the ECG indicates both left…

…into the left ventricle during diastole. The flow of blood into the ventricle causes volume overload, which exhausts the ventricle and ultimately leads to dilatation…

…the left ventricle partially or entirely outside the specialized conduction system. This slower conduction results in a prolonged QRS duration. The defining features of LBBB…

…duration exceeding 140 msec in males and 130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching of the mid QRS in at least two left…

…left posterior fascicular block (LPFB) . In a fascicular block, the myocardium without fascicular supply will depend on impulses spreading from other parts of the ventricle…

…to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of the ventricle may result in a different QRS morphology. If the lead tip is…

…reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left ventricle. QRS duration QRS duration is the time duration from the start to the end of…

…ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization. QRS duration is the time interval from the onset to the end of…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to…

…1. ECG changes seen in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH…

…filled normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which increases and the septum bulges into the left ventricle. During exhalation…

…load (the ventricle is empty or nearly empty). In patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable…

… it does not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation…

…the right ventricle depolarizes after the left ventricle, allowing its electrical vectors to become evident. These vectors manifest in the later part of the QRS…

…Common structural consequences include left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, and abnormalities of diastolic filling. Mitral regurgitation may develop through papillary muscle displacement, annular dilatation…

…of His (which means that both bundle branches will conduct the impulse to each respective ventricle) the QRS complex is normal (i.e QRS duration…

…VT]). The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually…

…V6. The electrical axis should be −30° to 90°. Normal values and differential diagnoses Prolonged QRS duration: left bundle branch block. Right bundle branch block…

…the ventricles, ventricular depolarization proceeds normally via the His Purkinje system, and in most cases, there is no significant hemodynamic compromise. However, in cases of…

…with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of…

…the left atrial appendage (LAA). The LAA is a highly trabeculated, windsock like embryonic remnant that exhibits uniquely low flow velocities during the loss of…

…prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left…

…prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left…

…reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing…

…in aVL and QRS duration 0,12 s, provided that other causes of left axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Extreme…

…in aVL and QRS duration is 0,12 s, provided that other causes of left axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation…

…prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left…

…choice of site, the use of ultrasound throughout the puncture, and maintaining maximal barrier precautions without shortcuts. The most common serious error is dilating a…

…on the hand. These are as a rule left open. Facial bites can be sutured after careful debridement because of the cosmesis, often with antibiotic…

…QRS is indicative of 'Ventricular pre excitation', and QRS duration ≥140 ms is considered 'Profound nonspecific intra ventricular conduction delay', both of which are not…

…reader will notice that most of these drugs are contraindicated in patients with structural heart disease, as well as patients with reduced left ventricular function…

…the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion…

…lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output. Their recognition is essential because treatment…

…uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena cava can be accomplished using a wedge…

…asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…Time to onset of action 5 to 10 minutes Duration of action 2 to 4 hours Delivery IV Dose Can be given as repeated intravenous…

…coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise or pharmacological stress. The physiological basis is an…

…clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal, persistent, long standing persistent and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes…

…delay is defined as “a QRS duration greater than 110 ms in adults, greater than 90 ms in children 8 to 16 years of age…

…uncomplicated acute coronary syndrome when LVEF is 40% is not definitive. Observational studies have yielded conflicting results, and the appropriate duration of therapy in p

…or unknown duration An anticoagulant for at least 3 weeks before cardioversion, or alternatively transoesophageal echocardiography to exclude thrombus After cardioversion, irrespective of duration An…

…can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and cardioversion of fibrillation of unknown duration without anticoagulation can cause a stroke hours to weeks later. Everything else in the…

…vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular…

…reflow cycle repeatedly to the circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would reduce the infarct size…

…left ventricular systolic function is depressed or preserved Whether hypotension is present Whether an accessory pathway is suspected, particularly before administration of digoxin The duration…

…al. Milrinone as Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:516 525 Indications Severe left ventricular failure…

…refer to Approach to Patients with Chest Pain). As in patients with STEMI, those with NSTEMI and unstable angina are at considerable risk of developing…