…According to the chain of survival, the first task is to recognize cardiac arrest and alert the EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in…

…delivered asynchronously on the T wave during ventricular tachycardia can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, whereas a synchronized shock (timed to the QRS complex) avoids this risk…

…ischemia will develop if right ventricular oxygen demand exceeds oxygen delivery. Prolonged and pronounced ischemia leads to right ventricular infarction. Whether infarction develops or not…

…maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure and increase renal perfusion. Time to onset of action 50 to…

…damage or failure. Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of…

…weeks. This made BMS attractive in patients requiring urgent non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or those considered unlikely to adhere to medication…

…comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal…

…and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency. Sustained hypoperfusion reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery and, when severe or prolonged, produces multiorgan dysfunction and death…

…damage or failure. Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of…

…Haemodynamic measurements become interpretable only when related to one another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both…

…instability and hypertension [4]. Step 2: look systematically for acute organ damage Organ or condition Findings to look for Initial investigation : : : CNS Confusion, reduced consciousness…

…the patient's location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered. 2. Designate a team leader and…

…with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia. • Contraindicated in severe aortic stenosis due to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension.

…afterload is desired in conditions requiring afterload reduction. Time to onset of action 10 30 minutes. Duration of action <4 hours. Delivery IV or IM…

…The risk of ACS is greatest during the third trimester and postpartum period, although SCAD may occur at any time during pregnancy or after delivery…

…target ScvO₂ 70–80 % A low value suggests inadequate oxygen delivery Capillary refill < 3 s Equivalent to lactate guided resuscitation in septic shock Haemoglobin…

…or 50 % Gives a fixed, known FiO2 independently of the patient's breathing pattern. The first choice where there is a risk of hypercapnia High…

…of bleeding risk and the risk of falls; anaemia and a known gastrointestinal source are investigated before starting. A referral or notification to the anticoagulation…

…ventromedial and rostral ventrolateral areas of the medulla result in the blood pressure lowering effect. Effects Potent blood pressure lowering effect. Pain relief. Delivery IV…

…used to reduce myocardial ischemia in the CCU or ICU. Time to onset of action 1 minute Duration of action 20 30 minutes Delivery IV…

…due to negative chronotropic effect. • In patients with pheochromocytoma, cocaine or methamphetamine overdose, prior treatment with alpha blockade is necessary before administering labetalol (risk of…

…Time to onset of action 5 to 15 minutes Duration of action 1.5 to 5 hours Delivery IV Dose 5–15 mg/hour IV…

…abdominal, or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The…

…it is imperative to administer appropriate fluid or erythrocyte boluses to restore circulatory volume. To ensure optimal oxygen delivery, high flow oxygen therapy (100% FiO2…

…or ischaemic ECG changes Concomitant cardiac disease Oxygen targets Patient Initial target saturation : : Known COPD or another clear risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure 88 to…

…cautiously in patients with high intracranial pressure or azotemia. • Should not be given to pregnant women. • Should not be given to patients with Leber optic…

…medications where rapid boluses risk hemodynamic instability or transiently toxic concentrations, adenosine requires a rapidly delivered bolus to achieve sufficiently high concentrations at its clinical…

…with established cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk T2DM with chronic kidney disease Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), with or without diabetes Heart…

…the atherosclerotic artery. Whenever oxygen demand exceeds oxygen (blood) delivery ischemia occurs and this manifests with chest discomfort referred to as angina pectoris. If the…

…to the cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or…

…factors, and whether they improve risk classification, remains incompletely established. Data concerning premature menopause and subsequent hypertension or diabetes are insufficient to support firm conclusions…

…constant and battery depletion must be minimized, most pacemakers use lead tips with high resistance (400 to 1200 Ω). The higher the resistance in the…

…failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated…

…SpO₂ 88–92% Hypoxaemic failure without hypercapnia CPAP or high flow nasal oxygen 5–10 cmH₂O According to oxygenation requirement SpO₂ 92–96% The pressure…

…which delivers the electrical impulse to the posterior and inferior walls of the left ventricle. Anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle leads to…

…or lead dislodgement/fracture. Functional failure to capture occurs when a stimulus is delivered during the myocardial refractory period. A stimulus delivered during the refractory…

…and one or two leads . The pulse generator generates the electric current needed to stimulate the myocardium. The current is delivered to the myocardium via…

…ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be considered a basic clinical skill. Pacing activity may be visible or invisible, depending…

…linked to national death certificates and electronic health records, and asked whether it could isolate a clinically actionable high risk group for SCD — one defined…

…as net positive or net negative, referring to its net direction. The QRS complex is net positive if the sum of the positive areas (above…

…anticoagulation or exclusion of thrombus — the most important relative contraindication to elective cardioversion. It does not apply in haemodynamic instability. Digitalis toxicity — a risk of…

…lower or uncertain. Indeed, the greatest opportunities for survival exist during the first few minutes from collapse. Table 1 shows the number needed to treat…

…needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation…

…high risk patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease. Chronic coronary syndrome Patients with chronic coronary syndrome are considered to be at very high cardiovascular risk…

…and absence of a palpable pulse. Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac death) : Death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest…

…to the rule above should be noted. If an ectopic focus arises in or near the bundle of His, the impulse may be delivered to…

…acute heart failure. • Used cautiously in patients with asthma (due to risk of bronchospasm). • Used cautiously in bradycardia due to negative chronotropic effect. Metoprolol doses…

…Time to onset of action 1 to 2 minutes Duration of action 10 to 30 minutes Delivery IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg…

…etc . The purpose of such changes is simply to enable the cardiopulmonary system to increase its delivery of oxygen to skeletal muscle and myocardium. The…

…4 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock, followed by asystole. ECG 7 . Asystole after shock. ECG 8 . Recurrence…

…VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock…

…depletion and high plasma renin activity increase the effect of enalaprilat, and may cause severe hypotension. Time to onset of action 15 to 30 minutes…

…5 to 10 minutes Delivery IV Dose Initial infusion dose: 5 μg/min. Increase by 5 10 μg/min every 5 min to…

…None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . VT progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes…