…target ScvO₂ 70–80 % A low value suggests inadequate oxygen delivery Capillary refill < 3 s Equivalent to lactate guided resuscitation in septic shock Haemoglobin…

…exacerbation with pH < 7.35 Bilevel NIV IPAP 12–15 and EPAP 4–5 cmH₂O Increase the IPAP in steps of 2–3 cmH₂O…

…at the same time [1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and the simultaneous delivery of…

…minutes Duration of action 30 to 60 minutes Delivery IV Dose Initial infusion dose: 0.1 μg/kg/minute iv. Titrated at 15 minutes…

…30 minutes Delivery IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg every 5 to 15 minutes as necessary. Continuous infusion: Start infusion at 0.1…

…Sustained hypoperfusion reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery and, when severe or prolonged, produces multiorgan dysfunction and death. In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction …

…many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for ventilatory support . At the same time…

…gestational week and recent delivery. Pre eclampsia can present postpartum. Known hypertension and current antihypertensive treatment. Missed doses or abrupt withdrawal of a beta blocker…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…reduction of afterload is desired in conditions requiring afterload reduction. Time to onset of action 10 30 minutes. Duration of action <4 hours. Delivery IV…

…Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational diabetes Small for gestational age delivery Placental abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary…

…polymer free drug delivery system, and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has improved procedural safety, reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of lesions amenable…

…has increased in parallel with older maternal age at first childbirth and the rising prevalence of obesity. Gestational hypertension is defined in the supplied guideline…

…close to delivery (embryopathy and fetal bleeding respectively). Marked liver failure with coagulopathy. Severe uncontrolled hypertension. Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit…

…cardiac metabolic efficiency, including increased oxygen delivery and beta hydroxybutyrate oxidation Reduced sodium hydrogen exchanger subtype 3 activity Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis…

…multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at any stage of pregnancy or after delivery, although more than 70% of cases occur early postpartum, most…

…may lead to undersensing of true intrinsic activity and thus inappropriate pacemaker activity. As discussed in the previous chapter, the delivery of pacing pulses can…

…The gestational age should ideally exceed 20 weeks. If the gestational duration remains uncertain, the cesarean section should be pursued if the fundal height of…

…adenosine requires a rapidly delivered bolus to achieve sufficiently high concentrations at its clinical site of action—the coronary artery perfusing the AV node—before…

…within minutes. Stable coronary plaques cause symptoms at the same level of myocardial workload and the symptoms disappear within minutes after stopping the activity. The…

…cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of…

…Most modern devices are capable of transmitting ECG tracings continuously to cloud based platforms, which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time…

…prediction tool currently exists. At the other end, roughly two thirds of ICDs implanted for reduced LVEF never deliver an appropriate shock, so the false…

…deliver pacing pulses, sensing (analyzing electrical activity in the heart) and store electrocardiograms. The pacemaker is powered by a lithium battery with a lifespan of…

…VA score of 0–1. Check what applies in your own region. Duration above the threshold or unknown: at least three weeks of adequate anticoagulation…

…quantity of cholesterol delivered to the liver. The resulting hepatic response includes increased expression of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), which enhances removal of circulating…

…an ectopic focus arises in or near the bundle of His, the impulse may be delivered to both bundle branches and subsequently the entire ventricular…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Procedurer Lathundar Electrical cardioversion is the delivery of a precisely regulated electrical shock to terminate a tachyarrhythmia, and it encompasses both synchronized…

…Time to onset of action 20 minutes Duration of action 5 to 8 hours Delivery IV Dose 1.25 to 5 mg IV followed by…

…etc . The purpose of such changes is simply to enable the cardiopulmonary system to increase its delivery of oxygen to skeletal muscle and myocardium. The…

…fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock, followed by asystole. ECG 7 . Asystole after shock. ECG 8 . Recurrence of supraventricular rhythm. ECG 9 . Supraventricular rhythm…

…fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock during ventricular fibrillation (VF).

…3.0–4.0 cm² Grading of aortic stenosis: mild, peak velocity 2.6–2.9 m/s; moderate, 3.0–3.9 m/s…

…and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose Initial dose:…

…Delivery IV, IM, PO, transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by…

…Time to onset of action 15 to 30 minutes. Peak effect Within hours. Duration of effect 8 to 24 hours Delivery IV Dose Initial dose…

…Time to onset of action 1 minute Duration of action 20 30 minutes Delivery IV Dose Loading dose: 500 μg/kg bolus over 1…

…and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose Initial dose:…

…Time to onset of action 5 to 10 minutes Duration of action 2 to 4 hours Delivery IV Dose Can be given as repeated intravenous…

…Time to onset of action 5 to 15 minutes Duration of action 1.5 to 5 hours Delivery IV Dose 5–15 mg/hour IV…

…Time to onset of action 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action 5 to 10 minutes Delivery IV Dose Initial infusion dose: 5 μg…

…to 10 minutes Delivery IV Dose Infusion: Starting dose: 0.25 to 0.5 μg/kg/minute. Increased as necessary (increments of 0.5…

…and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose Initial dose:…

…9 . Delivery of shock (red arrow), with subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock…

…resuscitation (CPR). Prompt delivery of chest compressions, ventilations and defibrillation (when possible) are the strongest determinants of survival in cardiac arrest. All subsequent actions require…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…in increased oxygen demand and dilatation of the right ventricle. Despite the dilation, myocardial ischemia will develop if right ventricular oxygen demand exceeds oxygen delivery…

…9 . Delivery of shock (red arrow), with subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock…

…which delivers the electrical impulse to the anterior wall of the left ventricle; (2) the posterior (posteroinferior) fascicle , which delivers the electrical impulse to the…

…endocardium, where they deliver the action potential to contractile cells. The subsequent spread of the action potential occur from one contractile cell to another, starting…

…A stimulus delivered during the refractory period should not result in activation because the myocardium is refractory. The most common cause of failure to capture…

…performed during advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS). While basic life support (BLS) can be delivered by virtually anyone, advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACLS) is provided by…

…poisoning consists of four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For many poisonings, well delivered supportive…

…the probability of survival. No flow longer than 6 8 minutes is mostly fatal. Basic Life Support (BLS) : CPR that can be delivered by bystanders…