…that is not possible on the spot, ENT must be contacted urgently rather than a routine referral being made. Two or more magnets constitute the…

CPR In cardiac arrest, constricted, light responsive pupils suggest a favorable prognosis. In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain…

Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,69 0,69 EROA (cm²…

…regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined < 0,7 0,7 Liver vein flow…

…when the shock is delivered, and that the thromboembolic risk has been dealt with before the atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that…

…No effect on venous circulation. • May cause reflex sympathetic stimulation (can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects…

…an intuitive basis. Consider the fact that the left ventricle contracts and ejects blood into the aorta roughly 100,000 times daily, each time overcoming…

…regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined < 0,7 0,7 Liver vein flow…

…acute vessel closure and later restenosis. Coronary stents provided a scaffold that tacked down dissection flaps, counteracted elastic recoil, reduced emergency vessel closure and decreased…

…The resulting glucosuria and natriuresis reduce proximal tubular workload, contract plasma volume and modestly lower blood pressure. Increased sodium delivery to the macula densa restores…

…of the Electrical Axis The heart's electrical axis represents the net vectoral sum of all active electrical wavefronts at any given point in time…

…If one cell in the syncytium is activated, all cells will activate downstream (provided they are excitable). The connections between the cells are termed intercalated…

…A thorough discussion of the electrophysiological principles, ECG changes and clinical implications is provided. The reader should already be familiar with the classification of acute…

…Hypotension can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g…

…orientation. As explained below, this enables the ventricle to contract in several directions simultaneously. The subendocardium is the muscle layer closest to the endocardium. The…

…ventricle with varying orientation. This organization allows the left ventricle to contract in a highly sophisticated and effective way (Figure 1). Myocardial fibers adjacent to…

…Myocardial infarction is virtually synonymous with left ventricular infarction . All myocardial infarctions affect the left ventricle. Right ventricular infarction is uncommon but may occur if…

…1.3 All 11.9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm…

…1.3 All 11.9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm…

…or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include all bradyarrhythmias, pulse less electrical activity (PEA), and asystole…

…by a repolarization (recovery). The action potential occurs in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions…

…When the contractile myocardium receives the action potential, it is activated and contracts. Figure 1 illustrates the sinus node and the components of the conduction…

… v aliasing = aliasing speed. This formula actually calculates the area of vena contracta (Figure 3), which is approximately equal to the area of the…

…results in increased intramural pressure in the right ventricle, which is counteracted by dilatation of the ventricle. Dilatation of the right ventricle results in reduced…

…abnormalities. Assessment of wall motion abnormalities is particularly important in the setting of chronic or acute coronary artery disease. All types of ischemia– chronic, acute…

…or pulmonic stenosis. Heart rate . Synchronicity : Optimal contraction requires the majority of all ventricular myocardium to contract simultaneously. For this to be possible, the right…

Echocardiography Tissue Doppler (Tissue Velocity Imaging) Previous chapters on Doppler imaging have all focused on measurements of blood flow. However, the Doppler effect can also…

…of the atrial area, then the regurgitation is severe. Vena contracta should also be measured; ≥ 0.7 cm is indicative of severe regurgitation. Continuous Doppler

…blood is ejected into the aorta. Left ventricular volume decreases as the ventricle contracts and pumps blood into the aorta. After the maximum pressure is…