…testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition…

…severe heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Identification of life threatening arrhythmias. Assessment for high risk mechanical complications. Determination of symptom onset time and anticipated time…

…however, increase peri procedural complications and bleeding. Clinical presentation The available source material does not provide a detailed description of the presenting symptoms of NSTEMI…

…haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial…

…associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications and rupture. Aneurysmal sacs may contain mural thrombus, which can contribute to peripheral embolization and may reduce the…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic…

…changes. Two relatives died from sudden cardiac death. Atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the fifth decade of life in several family members…

…medical strategy. In haemodynamically unstable patients, evaluation must also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of…

…limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular and…

…spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD with associated cardiovascular complications Symptoms are determined by the cardiovascular manifestation…

…and carry greater risk of progression or rupture than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing conditions Aortic dissection and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial…

…P1 (anterior or medial scallop), P2 (middle scallop), and P3 (posterior or lateral scallop). Figure 1. Anatomy of the mitral valve The leaflets are connected…

…rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has also been associated with lower overall major adverse cardiac…

…often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions. Therapy must be tailored to…

…the days after MI should prompt immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration may be abrupt or progressive, and cardiogenic shock may develop rapidly…

…lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold agglutinin disease, cold urticaria. Relative: Basal cell carcinoma and squamous…

…clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia, which may manifest through symptoms, ECG changes, or angiographic complications. Evaluation and Physical Examination The

…entail a high risk of embolism and vice versa . Table 1 lists these conditions. TABLE 1. SOURCES OF CARDIAC EMBOLI AND EMBOLIC POTENTIAL HIGH EMBOLIC…

…chain of survival. It includes diagnosis of post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS), optimization of ventilation, oxygenation, hemodynamics, antiischemic treatment, temperature treatment, treatment of seizures, and…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct…

…intravenous access [2,3]. Respiratory complications occur, but untreated convulsive status itself carries a considerable risk of hypoxia and respiratory failure. In placebo controlled trials…

…5. Ask the patient to flex the head forward and swallow repeatedly , preferably with sips of water if swallowing is safe. Advance the tube in…

…of the HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, and HAS BLED bleeding risk prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation: the AMADEUS study. J Am Coll Cardiol…

…impairment, reflected by transaminase concentrations at least twice the normal level Neurological symptoms are particularly important because of the increased risk of cerebrovascular complications. Seizures…

…to provide a more accurate risk assessment by omitting the sex category component. Components of the CHA₂DS₂ VA Score The acronym CHA₂DS₂ VA represents the…

…rich core; abundant foam cells and macrophages; a thin fibrous cap; positive remodelling; neovascularization; intraplaque haemorrhage; adventitial inflammation; spotty calcification. Nevertheless, the presence of these…

…infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those…

…accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral…

…diabetes and obesity become increasingly prevalent after the menopausal transition. Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death…

…of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke. In untreated AF, stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and…

…complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion treatment…

…third trimester of pregnancy. Dosage Acute myocardial infarction: Initial loading dose: 300–500 mg as soon as possible after symptom onset. Prophylaxis against cardiovascular complications …

…heterogeneous, and some patients may benefit from a more individualized selection strategy. When to Initiate Pharmacological Treatment Lifestyle intervention is an essential component of care…

…Large areas of jeopardized myocardium, severe baseline stenosis, multivessel coronary artery disease, and diffuse disease increase the likelihood of cardiovascular collapse when PCI fails or…

…Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade with swinging heart of the pericardium. Source. Rapid diagnosis of cardiac tamponade…

…vegetations are attached to the endocardium and, accordingly, less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis…

…in the case of left bundle branch block should lead the clinician to activate the catheterization laboratory (discussed in Left bundle branch block and ischemia…

…the combination of an abnormal thrombogenic endocardial surface and blood stasis. During the acute infarction phase, endocardial inflammation and impaired regional contraction create conditions that…

…low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is usually a progressive disease. Complications of atrial fibrillation and available treatments…

…Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS…

…contraindications, and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test…

…with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature DAPT interruption is described as the strongest predictor of stent thrombosis in…

…acute stroke requires attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia…

…number and severity of obesity related complications generally increase as the degree of obesity rises. Nevertheless, BMI alone does not define an individual’s cardiovascular…

…atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease. Prognosis is generally worse when diabetes coexists with these conditions. However, the cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not…

…must perform maximally, without risking serious complications. The instructor may facilitate this by supporting and motivating the patient during the entire procedure. If the achieved…

…recognition of edge dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombus, or other acute complications; investigation of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular imaging may also clarify the mechanism of…

…Practice differs between regions and departments; a palpable ulnar pulse and a warm, well perfused hand carry more weight. Choice of vessel The radial artery…

…is a risk factor for heart failure and arrhythmias. Family History of Sudden Cardiac Death (FHSCD) : A history of SCD in close relatives suggests a…

…Reliance on hypokalaemia alone therefore misses a substantial proportion of cases. The cardiorenal and cerebrovascular consequences of unrecognized PA make early case detection clinically important…

…arteries (MINOCA). Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death are important potential complications. Approximately one third of patients may have severe fixed coronary obstruction. Such patients…

…the atrial septum). In 15 20% of cases, the tumor is localized in the right atrium. Myxoma is rare in the valves and ventricles. Myxoma…

…definitions and recommendations presented in this chapter are in line with guidelines issued by the American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and…

…thrombosis Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction Pericarditis Dynamic recurrence of ST segment elevation is particularly concerning for a new infarction. A pericardial rub and poor…

…various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski…

…rupture (complication of acute myocardial infarction) Rupture of chordae tendineae. Acute regurgitation of blood into the left atrium results in sudden volume and pressure overload…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Acute Myocardial Infarction: Definition & Criteria Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common…

…epidemiological studies and mechanistic studies have been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus, our current knowledge of heart failure is…

Cardiology Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…