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Pleural aspiration and chest drain

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

Nasogastric tube

…prolongs the time to return of bowel function without reducing the risk of complications. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected base of skull fracture or a…

Post-Infarction Pericarditis and Dressler Syndrome

…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis …

🟠 CHADS-VA Bleeding Risk Score

…chadsva] The CHA₂DS₂ VA score has superseded the CHA₂DS₂ VASc score. As of 2025, it is recommended to use the CHA₂DS₂ VA score for stroke…

Cryotherapy of skin lesions

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications…

Hypertension: Initial Combination Therapy and Drug Selection

…contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It is frequently clinically silent, which promotes both patient and clinician inertia and contributes to inadequate long term control…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…its major complications—including myocardial infarction, unstable angina and stroke—may occur abruptly and without preceding warning. Initiation and progression of the fatty streak The…

Smoking Cessation: Pharmacotherapy and Cardiovascular Benefit

…and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who…

Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than patients without AF; both short and long term prognosis are…

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