…Give a full loading dose of an intravenous antiseizure drug If the seizure continues after adequate step 1 and step 2 Refractory status: contact anaesthesia…

…and the lowest complication rate. The femoral artery is the second choice and is often the best in marked shock or during high dose vasopressor…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary angiography occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious events such as stroke and…

…al ). Epidemiology of hypertension Blood pressure is normally distributed in the population. Individual blood pressure increases gradually during the life course ( Balijepalli et al ). Blood…

…infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first days after ST elevation…

…instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction…

…is better on irregular surfaces and in the scalp. Complications Complication Frequency and comment : : Pain during thawing The rule rather than the exception Blister, some

…revascularization, while avoiding unnecessary procedural complications and bleeding in those at lower risk or in whom the hazards of revascularization outweigh its potential benefit. A…

…during the first hour, making rapid recognition, defibrillation capability and expedited reperfusion central to survival. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of…

…provides the clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia, which may manifest through symptoms, ECG changes, or angiographic complications. Evaluation and Physical…

…disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the aorta…

…hours ( Soar et al ). The causes of death among these patients are complications related to PACS: 60% die from neurological injuries. 30% die from hemodynamic…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis …

…prolongs the time to return of bowel function without reducing the risk of complications. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected base of skull fracture or a…

…this score aids clinicians in estimating the risk of bleeding complications due to anticoagulants. Components of the ATRIA Score The ATRIA score assigns points based…

…increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the postpartum period. Maternal and obstetric complications Immediate maternal complications include placental abruption…

…chadsva] The CHA₂DS₂ VA score has superseded the CHA₂DS₂ VASc score. As of 2025, it is recommended to use the CHA₂DS₂ VA score for stroke…

…be present during the second and third decades of life, while clinical manifestations commonly emerge much later. Despite this prolonged course, its major complications—including…

…and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who…

…approximately 5–10%. Only about 10% of patients who develop shock present with it at hospital admission; approximately 90% deteriorate during hospitalization. Patients who develop…

…abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea Fertility therapy and assisted reproductive technology The extent to which these conditions confer risk independently of…

…or develop during acute management. AF is often haemodynamically tolerated and may require no specific acute therapy beyond appropriate anticoagulation and management of ventricular rate…

…complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion treatment…

…Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy. Dosage Acute myocardial infarction: Initial loading dose: 300–500 mg as soon…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…with other procedural complications, including distal embolization, coronary dissection, perforation, and abrupt closure. The clinical consequences depend heavily on the amount of viable myocardium supplied…

…as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular…

…is because it does not ensure complete drainage of the pericardium, and needles or catheters are at risk of bending or damage during chest compressions…

…bacteria. Endocarditis can lead to the destruction of the valvular apparatus, as well as to embolization in the systemic circulation. The complications can be fatal…

…seen as signs of ischemia, which is why one must be familiar with them. In order to completely understand the different complications related to ischemia…

…Ongoing or newly recognized LV systolic dysfunction. A patient may also present because of complications of the underlying infarction or LV remodeling, including heart failure…

…onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low risk of…

…newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical relationship between AF and acute deterioration is often…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…informs the use of sex specific surveillance and repair thresholds. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Most AAAs are asymptomatic and are identified either during routine abdominal…

…threatening complications (e.g., angioedema, hyperkalemia). Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an…

…increased ischaemic complications. In a large network meta analysis, 3 month DAPT, but not 6 month DAPT, was associated with higher rates of myocardial infarction…

…intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, particularly clonidine, can also precipitate a hypertensive crisis. Pregnancy Hypertensive emergencies in pre

…Depression, low self esteem or body image disturbance The number and severity of obesity related complications generally increase as the degree of obesity rises. Nevertheless…

…does not describe a characteristic symptom profile at initiation or during routine therapy. Potential clinically important complications and treatment related syndromes include: Hypovolaemia Falls and…

…cost of activity is equal to five times the energy consumption at rest (sitting). METs may be used to describe the functional capacity during exercise…

…required because blood causes strong backscatter of the light signal. Imaging is therefore typically performed during contrast injection or another method of temporary blood displacement…

…of the leaflets and thus causes mitral regurgitation. The term coaptation is used to describe how well the leaflets meet and close the valve during…

…consistent effect on cardiovascular complications in T2DM. Cardiovascular benefit depends substantially on comprehensive risk factor management and, in appropriate patients, selection of glucose lowering therapies…

…of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of ventricular arrhythmias correlates with the degree of hypertrophy, the extent of…

…imaging because of the risk of rupture. Type A IMH may cause: Aortic regurgitation Haemopericardium or pericardial effusion Aortic rupture Proximal aortic complications Malperfusion and…

…are normokalaemic and have no distinctive symptoms attributable to aldosterone excess. Cardiovascular complications may dominate the presentation or emerge during evaluation. These include cardiac hypertr

…arteries (MINOCA). Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death are important potential complications. Approximately one third of patients may have severe fixed coronary obstruction. Such patients…

…nucleus that often exhibits cavities, which consist of hemorrhages in the tumor. Polypoid myxoma usually causes haemodynamic complications due to obstruction. Papillary myxomas are small…

…10% of aborted fetuses, with no significant geographical variations. Roughly 25% of children with congenital heart disease require intervention during their first year of life…

…acute phase of STEMI. Death due to ventricular dysfunction, or mechanical complications, is much less common in the acute phase. The chain of care in…

…The contemporary incidence of stent thrombosis is approximately 1% during the first year after stenting, although the risk is higher after treatment of ST segment…

…stable over a period of 30 years. The ST segment depressions were accentuated during exercise. The patient developed atrial fibrillation at 55 years of age…

…mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of…

…meaning that the efficacy of these interventions is much lower or uncertain. Indeed, the greatest opportunities for survival exist during the first few minutes from…

…of the mitral valve Acute mitral regurgitation Acute mitral regurgitation is relatively rare. The most common causes are as follows: Endocarditis Papillary muscle rupture (complication…

…myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic…

…is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s…

…is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s…