…dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass…

…distinct and uncommon form of precapillary PH. It is defined haemodynamically by precapillary PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…often chronic, but in some cases, the condition may be transient. Pericardiotomy can be curative, which is why it is important to detect the disease…

…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in obesity hypoventilation and neuromuscular disease. Hypercapnic failure in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that does not improve with CPAP alone…

…3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen…

…pain, or in headache. A failure to improve function is a reason to taper off, not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or…

…involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced expiration raises the pressure in the…

…heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in…

…may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur in the context of acute myocardial ischaemia, though…

…with a target of 88 to 92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise…

…raise serum sodium by a maximum 8 mEq/L in the first 24 hours. Hyponatremia of unknown duration : These cases are managed as chronic hyponatremia…

…respiratory causes, drug overdoses, etc.). Among victims in whom the cardiac arrest was caused by VT or VF (e.g acute or chronic myocardial ischemia…

…Management of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements…

…chronic. The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in…

…than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to an acute…

…be absent in early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic…

…75 mL/min/1.73 m², the probability of coronary artery disease (CAD) increases in an approximately linear manner. At an eGFR of 15 mL…

…to 52%. They frequently occur in patients with severe coronary artery disease, defined in the source material as stenosis greater than 70%, and are an…

…Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…2019/2020 ), in which stable coronary artery disease is part of the broader syndrome of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) . This syndrome includes six clinical manifestations…

…Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein…

…2019/2020 ), in which stable coronary artery disease is part of the broader syndrome of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) . This syndrome includes six clinical manifestations…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic objectives Antianginal therapy in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is directed primarily at reducing myocardial ischaemia and…

…in the chronic coronary syndrome pathway. Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) is generally preferred to exclude obstructive CAD. Intermediate or high probability: above 15% in the…

…of the increased risk of cerebrovascular complications. Seizures in a patient with preeclampsia indicate eclampsia. Postpartum disease is clinically important. Hypertension is most frequent in…

…with CAD. The pathophysiology of refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total occlusion, incomplete…

…caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common. The figure 80% occurs in most textbooks in the field…

…mass — the elderly, the undernourished, amputees, patients with hepatic cirrhosis — creatinine based eGFR substantially overestimates renal function. Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description…

…inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone…

…In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion, with recovery generally occurring within one week. By contrast, chronic hypoperfusion may result…

…disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in…

…In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest…

…Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:516 525 Indications Severe left ventricular failure, acute or chronic…

…since hypercapnia raises the intracranial pressure. Circulation Parameter Target Comment : : : MAP ≥ 65 mmHg 80–85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of…

…Palpate the pulses and measure the ankle brachial index with Doppler. 4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds…

…shorter period. Procedure In men 1. Supine with the legs slightly apart. Create a sterile field and lay out the equipment. 2. Retract the foreskin…

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

…1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility: The MDRD equation has been instrumental in identifying and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD), facilitating early…

…vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine medium dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure (HF), chronic Bradycardia…

…disease (CAD) and guide the choice between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) . Developed through expert consensus and validated in the…

…clinical factors. Provides a more personalized risk assessment. Validated in large clinical trials, including the SYNTAX trial. Limitations Requires detailed clinical and angiographic data. Calculation…

…Although chronic coronary disease may remain stable for prolonged periods, it can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to ACS. Thus, “disease” refers to the underlying…

…after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term…

…chronic coronary syndromes, coronary revascularization, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, and peripheral arterial disease. Heart failure is also considered established clinical CVD in the risk based…

…treatment in coronary disease has principally involved two populations: Patients recently recovering from myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome. Patients with stable or chronic atherosclerotic…

…of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of comorbidity and an increased risk of in hospital complications, including…

…difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease…

…In selected patients, P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy may be used as a de escalation strategy after a period of DAPT. The therapeutic objective is to reduce…

…recommended in the relevant guideline setting; combination with a PCSK9 inhibitor is also described for high risk patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease. Chronic coronary…

…be considered. The immediate clinical categories include: Non cardiac diagnosis Chronic stable angina Possible ACS Definite ACS In patients with ST segment elevation, immediate reperfusion…

…restenosis refers to recurrent angina caused by disease in the treated segment. The clinical implications range from asymptomatic angiographic disease to chronic coronary syndrome (CCS)…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel multi agonists in recent clinical trials (Rawshani…

…clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and FH are principal settings in which these drugs have received approval. In chronic coronary syndrome, the recommended LDL C…

…the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be clinically silent, manifest as exertional symptoms, or progress to chronic limb threatening ischaemia…

…collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to VSR. Large infarction, especially for…

…smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit…

…related structural changes in the coronary media. The early postpartum period, when marked hormonal changes occur. Hypertension and oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress…