Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the…

…and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of life. The underlying aetiology is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes…

…Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an…

…artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as…

…Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of…

…artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as…

…ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic objectives Antianginal therapy in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is directed primarily at reducing myocardial ischaemia and relieving…

…Testing is optional and may be selected according to clinical judgement. Low to moderate probability: greater than 5% to 50% in the chronic coronary syndrome…

…and thrombocytopenia—is generally regarded as a severe preeclamptic phenotype or variant. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of preeclampsia remains incompletely established. Proposed contributors include chronic…

…a chronic syndrome of persistent ischaemic symptoms despite the exhaustion of conventional therapeutic options. It is defined by symptoms lasting more than 3 months and…

…parietal and visceral leaves of the pericardium are most often fused. The process most often affects the entire pericardium. Constrictive pericarditis is most often chronic…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…Chronic At least 48 hours Unknown Treated as chronic with respect to the correction limits The brain adapts to prolonged hypotonicity by extruding electrolytes and…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart…

…patients with symptomatic LV dysfunction, and all placebo controlled chronic HFrEF trials using neurohormonal antagonists have demonstrated a reduction in mortality. The absolute benefit is…

…When present, the clinical picture may include: Symptoms attributable to chronic LV systolic dysfunction and HF Angina, although its absence does not exclude ischemic cardiomyopathy…

…established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of…

…reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic myocardial injury . Myocardial injury…

…most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients, chronic postcapillary pr

…It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs…

…beta blockers. The vasodilating effect reduces preload and afterload, further reducing myocardial workload. Levosimendan is used in severe acute or chronic heart failure. Consider urgent…

…optimal medical treatment with bronchodilators, steroids and controlled oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in obesity hypoventilation and neuromuscular disease. Hypercapnic failure in cardiogenic pulmonary…

…3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen…

…kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia raises the intracranial pressure. Circulation Parameter Target Comment : : : MAP ≥ 65 mmHg 80–85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or…

…and measure the ankle brachial index with Doppler. 4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or reduced exercise capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and follow up. Risk groups:…

…resistance, and never catheterising urethrally when urethral injury is suspected. Indications Acute urinary retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume…

…liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hay fever…

…like the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD EPI) equation may offer improved accuracy. Additionally, considering factors such as patient demographics, muscle mass, and clinical…

…chronic Bradycardia (second line alternative) Medium dose : 3.0 10.0 μg/kg/min. + ++++ + +++++ Medium dose dopamine activates β1, releases norepinephrine and thus increases…

…and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence. These factors are weighted and summed to produce a total score…

…Unprotected Left Main Disease : Increases complexity and risk. Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk…

…or chronic, when troponin elevation persists without such a change. Myocarditis, sepsis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated…

…after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term…

…ASCVD includes previous acute coronary syndrome, chronic coronary syndromes, coronary revascularization, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, and peripheral arterial disease. Heart failure is also considered established…

…recently recovering from myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome. Patients with stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease, many of whom have a previous acute coronary…

…also influenced by anatomic complexity and comorbidity, which themselves may contribute to progression of native coronary artery disease. The chronic total occlusion is an important…

…AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often…

…infarction and stent thrombosis. Bleeding risk, particularly major or life threatening bleeding. The clinical presentation, whether ACS or chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Whether and how…

…any statin regimen. The treatment sequence for patients with chronic coronary syndrome is: Lifestyle intervention and a maximally tolerated high intensity statin. Add ezetimibe if…

…is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage…

…segment. The clinical implications range from asymptomatic angiographic disease to chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction, and repeat target lesion revascularization…

…heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel…

…In chronic coronary syndrome, the recommended LDL C objective is: LDL C <1.4 mmol/L (<55 mg/dL) , and A reduction of at least…

…or progress to chronic limb threatening ischaemia (CLTI). Clinical presentation and symptoms Asymptomatic and atypical disease Fewer than half of patients with PAD have typical…

…large epidemiological analysis, mechanical complications occurred in approximately 0.27% of STEMI cases and 0.06% of non ST elevation myocardial infarction cases. Despite their…

…In chronic coronary syndrome, cessation has been associated with a 36% reduction in premature mortality compared with continued smoking. Cessation also improves vascular health and…

…Chronic coronary dissection presenting as heart failure, although this is described as uncommon. In pregnancy associated ACS, STEMI is more frequent than NSTEMI, and up…

…process: acute, evolving or chronic The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction has occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including…

…myocardial injury may accompany numerous cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid…

…including chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD…

…increasing myocardial load (and hence oxygen demand). The most common causes of acute aortic regurgitation are aortic dissection , endocarditis and trauma . Chronic aortic regurgitation If…

…obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation…

…Chronic atrial flutter. The observant will notice that the classification differs slightly from that of atrial fibrillation. Acute and paroxysmal cases are common in clinical…