…medical treatment with bronchodilators, steroids and controlled oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in obesity hypoventilation and neuromuscular disease. Hypercapnic failure in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema…

…heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover…

…with advanced age, smoking, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute…

…with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hay fever, or nasal polyps (increased risk of hypersensitivity reactions, such as asthma attacks, angioedema, or urticaria with…

…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…Use with caution in patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients treated with ticagrelor. Patients with a history…

…Ischemia manifests with myocardial akinesia or dyskinesia, which impairs papillary muscle function. Likewise, myocardial infarction affecting the papillary muscle or its connected myocardium may also…

…lung disease or hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic obstruction, or a range of miscellaneous conditions. Because several mechanisms may coexist, diagnosis and classification must integrate haemodynamics with…

…silent chest Very severe airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An…

…management may be considered The sPESI (simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index) gives 1 point each for age 80 years, cancer, chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease…

…aortic aneurysm 6 cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of transmission Until symptom free Haemoptysis of unclear cause Until…

…Lower LVEF is associated with worse outcomes. Unprotected Left Main Disease : Increases complexity and risk. Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary…

…associated with obstructive epicardial coronary disease. Angina or ischaemia caused by epicardial vasomotor dysfunction or microvascular abnormalities without obstructive epicardial disease. The non acute phase…

…or chronic chest pain attributable to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating the likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) before diagnostic testing…

…of patients with CAD. The pathophysiology of refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total…

…of long term cardiovascular outcomes. With the important exception of beta blockers in selected patients after acute myocardial infarction (MI), antianginal drugs have not been…

…dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular burden…

…marked hypovolaemia, head injury with impaired consciousness, biliary tract disease. There is no contraindication to analgesia in the acute abdomen . The notion that an opioid…

…exercise duration, workload or metabolic equivalents, is among the strongest predictors of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease after accounting for age. Chronotropic response, blood…

…major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows…

…available, PET MPI is recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease…

…contribution to chronic coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. More than 70% of older adults presenting with myocardial infarction, stroke, acute aortic syndromes…

…absence of obstructive CAD on ICA should therefore not automatically be interpreted as evidence that the patient’s symptoms are non cardiac. In acute coronary…

…bradycardia may present with chronic or acute symptoms, ranging from chronic fatigue and exercise intolerance to sudden cardiac arrest. The most common acute symptoms are…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

…cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its…

…not every patient with an initial STEMI pattern has myocardial infarction as the final diagnosis. The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an…

…or progress to chronic limb threatening ischaemia (CLTI). Clinical presentation and symptoms Asymptomatic and atypical disease Fewer than half of patients with PAD have typical…

…requiring hospitalization. Progressive sodium and fluid retention is described as a frequent mechanism of clinical deterioration and acute decompensation despite apparently effective chronic treatment. Functional…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…patients with STE ACS exhibit elevated troponin levels, and are thereby diagnosed as ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic Coronary Syndromes (CCS) Coronary artery disease…

…Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of…

…patients with STE ACS exhibit elevated troponin levels, and are thereby diagnosed as ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic Coronary Syndromes (CCS) Coronary artery disease…

…the increased risk of cerebrovascular complications. Seizures in a patient with preeclampsia indicate eclampsia. Postpartum disease is clinically important. Hypertension is most frequent in women…

…filling. Respiratory variations in E wave velocity Under normal circumstances, intrathoracic pressure decreases during inhalation, which lowers pressure in the pulmonary veins and left atrium…

…commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common…

…The biochemical grade alone does not indicate how acute the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be…

…patients with hepatic cirrhosis — creatinine based eGFR substantially overestimates renal function. Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2…

…the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity…

…a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS…

…In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion, with recovery generally occurring within one week. By contrast, chronic hypoperfusion may result…

…acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic myocardial injury . Myocardial injury is not synonymous with myocardial infarction…

…with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic…

…Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:516 525 Indications Severe left ventricular failure, acute or chronic…

…3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen…

…Comment : : : MAP ≥ 65 mmHg 80–85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h…

…both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation…

…when urethral injury is suspected. Indications Acute urinary retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement…

…critical, especially in individuals with near normal kidney function, alternative equations like the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD EPI) equation may offer improved accuracy…

…shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure (HF), chronic Bradycardia (second line alternative) Medium dose : 3.0 10.0 μg/kg/min. + ++++…

…standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables…

…release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute, when serial troponin values show a dynamic change, or chronic…

…chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with…

…lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute coronary syndrome, chronic coronary syndromes, coronary revascularization, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, and peripheral arterial disease…

…coronary disease has principally involved two populations: Patients recently recovering from myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome. Patients with stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease…

…consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease…

…AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often…

…but not 6 month DAPT, was associated with higher rates of myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis in ACS patients. Extension beyond 12 months DAPT beyond…