…of progression to end stage renal disease; preparation for renal replacement therapy is required 5 <15 mL/min/1.73 m² Kidney failure range Highest…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…elevated body mass index, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. Evaluation and Physical Examination The diagnostic assessment should establish that hypertension is genuine, identify potentially remediable…

…area of 1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility: The MDRD equation has been instrumental in identifying and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD…

…mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle, and atrial fibrillation (AF) [5] . Unlike HFrEF, where epicardial ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction are primary drivers…

…is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies…

…of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of comorbidity and an increased risk of in hospital complications, including…

…HF but the diagnosis remains uncertain. Acute HF generally produces higher BNP and NT proBNP concentrations than chronic, stable disease, and greater volume overload is…

…AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often…

…kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD)…

…with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart failure—particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction—and chronic kidney disease…

…atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Diabetes mellitus in circumstances where diabetes specific risk assessment or risk categorization is applicable Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD…

…and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and…

…aortic disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies…

…than 3%, and stroke in 0.1–0.4%. Risk is substantially higher in older patients, emergency or urgent procedures, chronic kidney disease, ST segment…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel multi agonists in recent clinical trials (Rawshani…

…an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to VSR. Large infarction…

…Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease…

…years 130–139, if tolerated 70–79 Diabetes 120–130 70–79 Chronic kidney disease 130–139 70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with…

…in several overlapping populations: T2DM with established cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk T2DM with chronic kidney disease Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF…

…be taken at the next regular time. Use with caution in patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients…

…not exclude dangerous hyperkalaemia. Record a 12 lead ECG and start cardiac monitoring at a plasma potassium above 6.0 mmol/L, and at lower…

…principle, not a universal target. Chronic hypertension shifts autoregulation in the brain and kidneys towards higher pressures. Too rapid a normalisation can therefore cause cerebral…

…acute or chronic. Bradycardia (second line option). 10.0–20.0 μg/kg/min ++++ ++++ ++ +++++ High dose dopamine additionally induces α1 stimulation and thereby vasoconstriction…

…a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly…

…patients undergoing coronary angiography, with reported prevalence ranging from 18% to 52%. They frequently occur in patients with severe coronary artery disease, defined in the…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…Weight status BMI (kg/m2) Obesity class Disease risk Underweight <18.5 — — Healthy weight 18.5–24.9 — — Overweight 25.0–29.9 — Increased Obesity…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic objectives Antianginal therapy in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is directed primarily at reducing myocardial ischaemia and relieving…

…50% in the chronic coronary syndrome pathway. Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) is generally preferred to exclude obstructive CAD. Intermediate or high probability: above 15% in…

…classification Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and…

…refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total occlusion, incomplete revascularization, or coronary anatomy unsuitable…

…often chronic, but in some cases, the condition may be transient. Pericardiotomy can be curative, which is why it is important to detect the disease…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]…

…therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial…

…By contrast, chronic hypoperfusion may result in hibernating myocardium: a persistently dysfunctional but potentially recoverable state. The chronically dysfunctional myocardium in ischemic cardiomyopathy is therefore…

…1.0 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL) may be considered. Effective lipid lowering improves survival and reduces cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease…

…acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic myocardial injury . Myocardial injury is not synonymous with myocardial infarction…

…PAWP ≤15 mmHg, and PVR ≤2 Wood units may have increased pulmonary blood flow rather than pulmonary vascular disease. This state is termed unclassified PH…

…It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs…

…further reducing myocardial workload. Levosimendan is used in severe acute or chronic heart failure. Consider urgent angiography in patients with unknown etiology for acute severe…

…steroids and controlled oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in obesity hypoventilation and neuromuscular disease. Hypercapnic failure in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that does not improve…

…DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 g × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750…

…85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate Falling A clearance 10 %…

…ankle brachial index before the first bandage is applied . Indications Venous leg ulcer — about 70% of all leg ulcers. Chronic venous oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, stasis dermatitis…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…coach actively, and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or…

…Indications Acute urinary retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a…

…Doses 5 μg/kg/min induces vasoconstriction, which dominates at dosease 15 μg/kg/min. Tachycardia Increased ventricular rate in AF Ventricular arrhythmias…

…disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic…

…Unprotected Left Main Disease : Increases complexity and risk. Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk…

…when serial troponin values show a dynamic change, or chronic, when troponin elevation persists without such a change. Myocarditis, sepsis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias…

…75–162 mg once daily is described as an acceptable secondary prevention range in chronic coronary disease. For prolonged treatment, doses of 75–100 mg…