…Non traditional cardiovascular mechanisms include: Uraemia associated inflammation Oxidative stress Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial…

…is important to detect the disease early in the course. Hemodynamic effects of constrictive pericarditis Diastolic heart failure and right heart failure The rigid pericardium…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…Chronic, low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of…

…neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect modulation of vascular inflammation rather than lipid lowering. Other anti inflammatory strategies have…

…ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction …

…roots of the great vessels are contained (Figure 1). The pericardial sac encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid. Numerous conditions may cause inflammation…

…activity Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis Reduction in body weight and haemoglobin A1c Increased uricosuria, with plasma uric acid reduction of approximately 10…

…PET. Evaluate myocardial viability, particularly when combined with metabolic imaging. Contribute to assessment of cardiac inflammation, infective endocarditis, and cardiac amyloidosis using appropriate radiopharmaceuticals. Functional…

…the inflammation and deposition of lipids progress, an atherosclerotic plaque forms in the wall of the artery. Such atherosclerotic plaques start building up early in…

…chronic The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction has occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right…

…and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and…

…diabetes) induce a chronic, systemic proinflammatory state. This circulating inflammation leads to coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by the upregulation of adhesion molecules (e.g…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with…

…coronary cause of symptoms. CCS is a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary…

…defined by the combination of symptoms, with or without physical signs, and an LVEF below 40%. Signs may be absent in early disease or after…

…chronic angina, an anginal equivalent or exertional dyspnoea. Patients may continue to have lifestyle limiting symptoms despite guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT), prompting consideration of…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic objectives Antianginal therapy in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is directed primarily at reducing myocardial ischaemia and relieving…

…or chronic chest pain attributable to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating the likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) before diagnostic testing…

…severe preeclamptic phenotype or variant. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of preeclampsia remains incompletely established. Proposed contributors include chronic uteroplacental ischaemia, an exaggerated maternal inflammatory response…

…because quality of life is often poor, hospitalizations are frequent, and healthcare resource utilization is high. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The dominant manifestation is chronic…

…is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades. Furthermore, early revascularization in acute coronary syndromes (STEMI…

…how acute the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be relatively unaffected, while a rapid fall from…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD)…

…Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure…

…chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

…release from an early cytosolic pool have all been associated with detectable troponin. High sensitivity assays may therefore identify a continuum of myocardial injury ranging…

…hypertension (CTEPH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease Group 5: PH with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms PAH is a distinct and uncommon form of precapillary PH…

…chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs. The leading causes of…

…concurrent use of beta blockers. The vasodilating effect reduces preload and afterload, further reducing myocardial workload. Levosimendan is used in severe acute or chronic heart…

…NIV are two different treatments with different physiology, and the commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure that recruits alveoli…

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

…Comment : : : MAP ≥ 65 mmHg 80–85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h…

…4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken without clinical suspicion leads only…

…Sedation precedes respiratory depression and is the early warning sign. Choice of agent Situation Choice Reason : : : An opioid naive adult with normal renal function Morphine…

…coach actively, and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or…

…retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient…

…risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hay fever, or nasal polyps (increased risk of hypersensitivity…

…Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility: The MDRD equation has been instrumental in identifying and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD), facilitating early intervention and management…

…with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors. Table 1. Drug manual…

…disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…the time of assessment. Ongoing chest discomfort with electrical or haemodynamic instability. Cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock. Features that favour ACS rather than chronic stable…

…after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…angiography and subsequent revascularization may be undertaken early, delayed, or selectively after initial medical treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or a positive troponin…

…with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney…

…whether ACS or chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Whether and how PCI was performed. The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for…

…in the chronic coronary syndrome lipid lowering recommendations. Acute coronary syndrome The period immediately following ACS is associated with particularly high risk of recurrent cardiovascular…

…The probability of MI increases continuously as the absolute hs cTn concentration rises. Early absolute changes over 1 hour provide diagnostic information that supplements the…

…angina caused by disease in the treated segment. The clinical implications range from asymptomatic angiographic disease to chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), acute coronary syndrome (ACS)…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel multi agonists in recent clinical trials (Rawshani…

…In chronic coronary syndrome, the recommended LDL C objective is: LDL C <1.4 mmol/L (<55 mg/dL) , and A reduction of at least…

…or progress to chronic limb threatening ischaemia (CLTI). Clinical presentation and symptoms Asymptomatic and atypical disease Fewer than half of patients with PAD have typical…

…Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to…