…Indications Acute urinary retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a…

…state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Clinical…

…of life. The underlying aetiology is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic objectives Antianginal therapy in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is directed primarily at reducing myocardial ischaemia and relieving…

…and infarction Definition and clinical rationale Stable angina, or chronic chest pain attributable to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating the likelihood of…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and clinical classification Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Refractory angina is a chronic syndrome of persistent ischaemic symptoms despite the exhaustion of conventional therapeutic options…

Echocardiography Constrictive pericarditis: the end stage of pericardial inflammation Constrictive pericarditis is the result of chronic inflammation of the pericardium. In principle, all causes of…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…how acute the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be relatively unaffected, while a rapid fall from…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…emerged, emphasizing the putative role of sensitized sensory nerve endings and afferent neural pathways in causing chronic refractory cough, akin to chronic neuropathic pain. This…

…heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion…

…extensive MI with necrosis and scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV…

…chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

…acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic myocardial injury . Myocardial injury is not synonymous with myocardial infarction…

…Wood units in an overlapping clinical classification table; the principal haemodynamic definition uses PVR 2 Wood units. PVR is essential for identifying a precapillary pulmonary…

…It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs…

Cardiology Key points Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of…

…steroids and controlled oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in obesity hypoventilation and neuromuscular disease. Hypercapnic failure in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that does not improve…

…3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen…

Referensvärden The values below are starting points, not aims in themselves. Almost all of them have proved to work better as ranges to stay within…

…ankle brachial index before the first bandage is applied . Indications Venous leg ulcer — about 70% of all leg ulcers. Chronic venous oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, stasis dermatitis…

…palliative phase (at lower doses than for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain…

…coach actively, and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or…

…risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hay fever, or nasal polyps (increased risk of hypersensitivity…

…1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility: The MDRD equation has been instrumental in identifying and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD), facilitating early…

…HF), acute Heart failure (HF), chronic Bradycardia (second line alternative) Medium dose : 3.0 10.0 μg/kg/min. + ++++ + +++++ Medium dose dopamine activates β1…

…including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence. These factors are weighted…

…Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk. Clinical Applications Personalized Decision Making : SYNTAX Score II…

…chronic stable angina include sudden symptom onset at rest or with minimal exertion, symptoms lasting at least 10 minutes unless treated immediately, severe chest pain…

…pathway, whereas P2Y12 receptor antagonists inhibit a separate platelet activation pathway. The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and…

…of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. SCORE2 is intended principally for adults aged 40–69 years, whereas SCORE2 OP is used in adults…

…coronary disease has principally involved two populations: Patients recently recovering from myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome. Patients with stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease…

…the coronary anatomy is suitable. In cardiogenic shock, the principal precipitating mechanisms include ischaemia related heart failure, acute severe mitral regurgitation, and other mechanical complications…

…the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD…

…major or life threatening bleeding. The clinical presentation, whether ACS or chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Whether and how PCI was performed. The need for non…

…which enhances removal of circulating LDL particles. Its principal clinical effect is therefore reduction of LDL cholesterol (LDL C), through a mechanism complementary to that…

…of ischaemia represents acute myocardial injury rather than MI. Persistent elevation without a significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions…

…angina caused by disease in the treated segment. The clinical implications range from asymptomatic angiographic disease to chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), acute coronary syndrome (ACS)…

…major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows…

…where appropriate. Established clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and FH are principal settings in which these drugs have received approval. In chronic coronary syndrome, the…

…Chronic limb threatening ischaemia CLTI occurs when resting perfusion is insufficient to meet the basal nutritional requirements of tissue. Typical symptoms include: Ischaemic rest pain…

…during the first days after ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt…

…approximately 30–40% and in death of approximately 35–45%. In chronic coronary syndrome, cessation has been associated with a 36% reduction in premature mortality…

…when marked hormonal changes occur. Hypertension and oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural…

…process: acute, evolving or chronic The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction has occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including…

…including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative…

…and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and…

…regurgitation are aortic dissection , endocarditis and trauma . Chronic aortic regurgitation If aortic regurgitation develops gradually, then the ventricle will adapt to the volume overload. Unfortunately…

…2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and…

…diagnosed cases). Paroxysmal atrial flutter. Chronic atrial flutter. The observant will notice that the classification differs slightly from that of atrial fibrillation. Acute and paroxysmal…