…as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular…

…long term cardiovascular outcomes in CCS. General strategy For most patients, initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a calcium channel blocker (CCB…

…a marker of the broader atherosclerotic process, including non calcified plaques that are not directly visualized by calcium scoring. In contrast, coronary CT angiography (CCTA)…

…drugs, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers (inhibitors). The reader will notice that most of these drugs are contraindicated in patients with structural heart disease…

…nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose…

…Mechanism of action Nicardipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB). Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth…

…arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP, which then activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane. Time to onset of action : 1…

…in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions (Na + [sodium], K + [potassium] and Ca 2+ [calcium…

…most pronounced in the precordial (chest) leads. Pointed T waves are tall and narrow at the top. Refer to Figure 1 . Patients with left ventricular…

…panel: creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate or blood gas, calcium, phosphate, glucose and a full blood count. 5. Take a urine dipstick and, where the…

…nothing else. The two ways in which casting harms the patient are that it is too tight — the swelling comes after the injury, not before…

…g Calcium chloride 10 mL of 100 mg/mL in hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, calcium channel blocker poisoning 0.2 mL/kg Sodium bicarbonate 50 mmol in…

…passed urine. Contact intensive care in circulatory compromise, serious arrhythmia, marked QRS widening, a sine wave pattern, or a need for repeated calcium treatment. Urgent…

…= calcium sensitisers and a beta agonist without vascular effect. Catecholamine receptors Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors: expressed in vascular smooth muscle. Activation results in vasoconstriction…

…and ionised calcium, together with a full blood count, INR, APTT and fibrinogen. 7. Give tranexamic acid where it is indicated. 8. Proceed in parallel…

…calcium channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in…

…potassium, ionised calcium, creatinine and the relevant toxicology concentration. 3. Correct the hypokalaemia. Aim for a serum potassium in the upper normal range, around 4…

…effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism…

…of cyclic GMP, which then activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane. Nitroglycerin is similar in action and pharmacokinetics to nitroprusside, although the…

…L type calcium current (Ica.L) and the pacemaker current (If) in sinus node cells, accompanied by a decrease in Vmax. Consequently, shifts in the…

…for excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and…

…involvement in the inflammatory process. A broad spectrum of pharmacologic agents can induce bradycardia or conduction disorders. These include beta blockers, non dihydropyridine calcium channel…

…myocardial scar, ventricular function, and, in selected circumstances, myocardial viability. Both techniques rely on intravenous radiopharmaceuticals that are taken up by myocardial tissue. The distribution…

…rate parameters. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute heart failure necessitating inotropic or vasopressor support typically manifests in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, low cardiac…

…The length, trajectory and composition of the occluded segment, including calcium. The quality of the distal target vessel. The configuration and adequacy of collateral channels…

…despite: Appropriate lifestyle measures; A renin–angiotensin system blocker; A calcium channel blocker; and A thiazide or thiazide like diuretic, with all agents prescribed at…

…dysfunction and death. In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately…

…thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis. In CKD, additional mechanisms include vascular stiffness and accelerated medial calcification related to disturbed calcium–phosphate metabolism. Patients with advanced CKD…

…spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function may lead to myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia…

…associated with the Brugada syndrome. These mutations are located in genes encoding potassium and calcium channels of the outer cell membrane. Clinical presentation of Brugada…

CPR Poisoning and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of…

…increase in intracellular calcium levels, which causes a shortening of the action potential. Digoxin shortens the action potential in all cardiac cells, both in the…

…effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism…

…bradycardia can actually reduce conduction through the AV node, resulting in increased AV block. Sinus node dysfunction can be caused by supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (e.g…

…al. Milrinone as Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:516 525 Indications Severe left ventricular failure…

…medications such as nitrates, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers Recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Pharmacologic agents in perfusion imaging Vasodilators (adenosine, dipyridamole, regadenoson) These…

…e.g intracellular calcium signaling, the sodium–potassium pump, mitochondrial function, actin myosin interactions, etc. ). Afterload Afterload is the resistance that the left ventricle must…

…electric current. In electrocardiology, these charged particles are represented by intracellular and extracellular ions, such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+). These ions…

…LDH and AST and lowers the haptoglobin. A tourniquet left on during sampling raises the potassium, calcium and proteins. Fasting is required for triglycerides but…

…Action : : Osteoporosis Calcium and vitamin D. A bisphosphonate with longer treatment and risk factors, according to the guideline Hyperglycaemia Glucose measurement, above all in the…

…below 35 % is a better alternative. Follow up At an eGFR below 60, or in the presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH…

…Pointes severe ziprasidone mesylate ZIPRASIDONE MESYLATE ZIPRASIDONE MESYLATE Arrhythmia wp less change in QTc from baseline mild PENICILLIN G PROCAINE PENICILLIN G PROCAINE PENICILLIN G…

…thrombus, and implanted stents. The principal modalities used in the catheterization laboratory are intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Unlike coronary angiography, which…

…basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current is a mixed inward Na⁺/K⁺…

…Thus, even a modest absolute reduction may be clinically important in individuals at high or very high risk. Prolonged exposure to lower LDL C concentrations…

…the clinical value of any diagnostic test depends not only on its sensitivity and specificity but also on disease prevalence in the population being tested…

…Statins inhibit 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Reduced hepatic cholesterol production increases hepatic LDL receptor expression…

…secondary. Primary and secondary ST T changes Primary ST T changes are caused by abnormal repolarization . This is seen in ischemia, electrolyte disorders (calcium, potassium)…

…lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in hypercalcemia Typical ECG changes: Shortened QT interval. Attenuated T wave amplitude. Prolonged…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…ion channel function (alterations in sodium, potassium and calcium currents have been suggested). The altered ion channel function leads to regional dispersion in the refractoriness…

…any. Treatment of atrial tachycardia Discontinuation of digoxin is typically sufficient in patients whose atrial tachycardia is induced by the drug. Management of all other…

…10 ml calcium 0.2 mmol/ml iv. Antidote to CCBs. Digoxin antibodies Binds to digoxin. Digitalis antidote (anti digoxin, Fab fragment). Given in case…