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Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation, chest movement and a blood gas. Ventilate by…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are not…

Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis on the Standard ECG

…usually as part of an inferoposterior or posterolateral infarction. Its recognition is clinically important because posterior infarction may not produce conventional ST segment elevation in…

Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state: quick reference

…Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…coronary disease or vasospastic angina. The clinical presentation is not sufficiently specific to identify the underlying mechanism. Microvascular, vasospastic, and obstructive angina may produce overlapping…

The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

…re induces coarse VF by means of increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF…

Blood gas interpretation: quick reference for acid-base disorders

…blood gas is easier to obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of pH and the metabolic component, but it should not…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…integrated assessment of six components: Symptoms Exercise performance (functional capacity, exercise capacity) Heart rate: maximal heart rate, heart rate response Blood pressure reaction ECG reaction…

Physical Activity Prescription for Cardiovascular Prevention

…Prescription Physical activity should be assessed and prescribed using the components of: Frequency Intensity Time or duration Type Progression The prescription should be individualized rather…

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment with SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP

…healthy people or for individuals with elevated BP who do not already have a condition conferring sufficiently high cardiovascular risk. They should not be applied…

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