…87 95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.96 P = .004 Other summaries of the trial describe a 14% reduction in the same composite outcome…

…of the airway is paramount to evaluate for impending respiratory compromise. Diagnostics The diagnosis of ACE inhibitor induced cough is primarily clinical and relies on…

…colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine…

…hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive…

…in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although this is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are…

…troublesome adverse effects, give a further 8 mg intravenously , slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic effects with paradoxically increasing weakness. 6. Assess the…

…involving 192 patients with cardiogenic shock, researchers compared the effectiveness of milrinone and dobutamine . The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest…

…more recent analyses question whether this reflects true biological protection. Potentially favourable associations with myocardial infarction may coexist with adverse effects on stroke, heart failure…

…arrhythmogenesis through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects, independently of coexisting CAD, previous myocardial infarction or HF. Nevertheless, the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac…

…are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in general. This is not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial…

…and adverse environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after the acute event and warrant particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The principal…

…effects, and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other…

…of revascularization Expected effects on death, myocardial infarction and stroke Likelihood of repeat revascularization Symptom burden and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other…

…to prevent one adverse cardiovascular outcome, the potential benefit for an individual patient may remain substantial. At the same time, adverse effects such as hypotension…

…anaesthesia Lidocaine into the glenohumeral joint in shoulder dislocation, with an effect equivalent to sedation and fewer adverse effects Digital nerve block The standard in…

…ester) of enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalaprilat lowers blood pressure by inhibiting ACE. Effects • The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on plasma…

…egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used…

…min. Maximum infusion dose: 300 μg/kg/min. Bolus doses of 300 μg/kg can be repeated during infusion. Adverse effects Flushing. Nausea…

…stimulation (can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance …

…Delivery IV Dose 1.25 to 5 mg IV followed by 2.5–15 mg IV every 3 to 6 hours. Adverse effects Vomiting. Dizziness…

…μg/min. Time to onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia …

…of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature DAPT interruption is described as the strongest predictor of stent thrombosis in this setting. The…

…Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment is directed primarily at…

…of action Clonidine is primarily a centrally acting alpha 2 agonist. Stimulation of alpha 2 adrenoceptors in the ventromedial and rostral ventrolateral areas of the…

…minutes to a total dose of 300 mg. Infusion regime : • 0.5–2 mg/minute IV infusion. Higher doses are sometimes required. Adverse effects Vomiting…

…used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers …

…LDL cholesterol, partly by reducing LDL receptor availability. Tacrolimus appears to have less adverse effect on lipids. Sirolimus may cause particularly prominent triglyceride elevation, including…

…used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers …

…Functional limitation and effect on activities of daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict…

…for mor than 10 minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting…

…immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment that improve or resolve after reducing the dose or stopping therapy. It is…

…Inhibition of hepatic PCSK9 synthesis , using the small interfering RNA (siRNA) agent inclisiran. The magnitude of LDL C lowering depends partly on residual LDL receptor…

…that the depressions may occur in most ECG leads). Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. ST segment depression due to digoxin treatment. Adverse effects of…

…vasodilation. Dobutamine Dobutamine is a chronotropic and inotropic agent. It increases heart rate, myocardial contractility, and blood pressure, thereby simulating the effects of exercise. However…

…Reflex tachycardia is the rule after a rapid fall in blood pressure. Drug Indications Dosing α1 β1 β2 D1/D2 Effect Adverse effects : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dopamine — low…

…must be individualized based on the clinical situation and arrhythmia severity. Because of the drug's unusual pharmacokinetics, serious arrhythmia indications, and potential adverse effects…

…rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure < 70 mmHg on treatment — the benefit plateaus and adverse effects increase…

…1 μg/kg/minute iv. Titrated at 15 minutes intervals. Maximum infusion dose: 1.6 μg/kg/minute Adverse effects Headache. Flushing. Tachycardia…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit…

…administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are…

…causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases total peripheral resistance, decreases systemic blood pressure, and decreases afterload. Nicardipine has antianginal and antihypertensive effects…

…For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure…

…However, the cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not explained simply by their effects on haemoglobin A1c. Clinical benefits have been demonstrated in several overlapping…

…apnoea). Suspected hypotension: dizziness, syncope, autonomic dysfunction, adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or…

…classes. By acting on more than one pathophysiological pathway, combinations generally lower blood pressure more effectively than simply increasing the dose of a single drug…

…The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE…

…was associated with a threefold increased risk of an adverse neurological outcome. In summary, while the absence of a pupillary reflex upon hospital admission post…

…risk. Left Atrial Diameter (LA) : Enlargement of the left atrium is a marker of elevated left ventricular filling pressures and is linked to adverse outcomes…

…addressing some of the SYNTAX Score's shortcomings, such as its inability to account for coronary dominance variability and its reliance on subjective lesion weighting…

…based on their risk profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the…

…especially affected. The principal determinant of adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications…

…and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial…

…patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD. Nevertheless, the optimal extent and timing of intervention depend on the clinical setting, haemodynamic status, coronary anatomy…

…Others have no recognized history of angina or MI, making the distinction from primary dilated cardiomyopathy particularly difficult. When present, the clinical picture may include…

…quantify stress induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion…

…of estimating the intensity of the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory…

…during exercise may signal an adverse clinical response. Recreational activity should therefore be increased at an appropriate intensity, with attention to the emergence of symptoms…