…current is a mixed inward Na⁺/K⁺ current activated by hyperpolarisation and contributes to spontaneous diastolic depolarisation. By inhibiting the intracellular portion of its transmembrane…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…sedation and fewer adverse effects Digital nerve block The standard in finger dislocation Procedural sedation Propofol, ketamine or a combination. It requires a fasting history…

…iv. Increase as necessary. Maximum dose: 5 mg iv every six hours. Adverse effects Severe hypotension. Contraindications • Contraindicated in pregnancy, severe renal artery stenosis, severe…

…of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a…

…min. Maximum infusion dose: 300 μg/kg/min. Bolus doses of 300 μg/kg can be repeated during infusion. Adverse effects Flushing. Nausea…

…No effect on venous circulation. • May cause reflex sympathetic stimulation (can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects…

…is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT…

…the test dose without troublesome adverse effects, give a further 8 mg intravenously , slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic effects with paradoxically increasing…

…A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to evaluate ventricular and valvular function. Levosimendan drug is generally well tolerated. Severe adverse effects…

…mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a…

…Delivery IV Dose 1.25 to 5 mg IV followed by 2.5–15 mg IV every 3 to 6 hours. Adverse effects Vomiting. Dizziness…

…μg/min. Time to onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia …

…in patients who: Have tolerated DAPT without significant bleeding. Have high ischaemic risk. Do not have a high risk of major or life threatening bleeding…

…Catapress TTS 3 (0.3 mg/24hrs) Dosage in renal failure and renal replacement therapy: Dose as in normal renal function Adverse effects Excessive sedation…

…minutes to a total dose of 300 mg. Infusion regime : • 0.5–2 mg/minute IV infusion. Higher doses are sometimes required. Adverse effects Vomiting…

…The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand…

…and considering a switch to antiretroviral agents with less adverse lipid effects, may improve triglyceride concentrations, provided viral suppression is maintained. A change in antiretroviral…

…The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand…

…Functional limitation and effect on activities of daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict…

…for mor than 10 minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting…

…including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment…

…with adverse effects on stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality and atrial fibrillation. Consequently, alcohol should not be initiated as a cardiovascular preventive strategy. A drink…

…lipoprotein(a), an effect not shared to the same extent by statins. Inclisiran Inclisiran is a liver targeted small interfering RNA. It promotes degradation of…

…arrhythmogenesis through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects, independently of coexisting CAD, previous myocardial infarction or HF. Nevertheless, the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac…

…digoxin treatment. Adverse effects of digoxin The incidence of adverse drug reactions is high, owing to the narrow therapeutic index of the drug. Digoxin is…

…effects of exercise on coronary arteries, without the need for physical activity. Advantages of regadenoson over adenosine Regadenoson has advantages over adenosine: Regadenoson is a…

…Reflex tachycardia is the rule after a rapid fall in blood pressure. Drug Indications Dosing α1 β1 β2 D1/D2 Effect Adverse effects : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dopamine — low…

…given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately, the treatment of atrial fibrillation has come a long…

…55 day range). Because of this prolonged terminal half life, achieving steady state concentration without a loading dose takes approximately 265 days. Interpatient variability mandates…

…absolute reductions in four component major adverse cardiovascular events. The reported hazard ratio was 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.72–0…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…

…and a diastolic pressure < 70 mmHg on treatment — the benefit plateaus and adverse effects increase. Hypertensive crisis Hypertensive urgency: markedly raised pressure without organ…

…1 μg/kg/minute iv. Titrated at 15 minutes intervals. Maximum infusion dose: 1.6 μg/kg/minute Adverse effects Headache. Flushing. Tachycardia…

…increments of 0.1 mg. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Caution Rarely used unless patient has a confirmed diagnosis of pheochromocytoma Treatment of…

…their use is limited by specific adverse effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS…

…during diastole. This causes adverse hemodynamic effects, and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Lipid lowering therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…time, serious adverse effects are uncommon when the correct dose is given intramuscularly [2,3]. When should anaphylaxis be suspected? Anaphylaxis is a clinical diagnosis…

…Dose 5–15 mg/hour IV infusion. Higher doses (up to 30 mg/hour) may be required in some patients. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Headache. Flushing…

…emergence of incretin based therapies, starting with glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP 1 RAs) and evolving into multi receptor agonists, has unleashed a…

…regarding cardiovascular effects and potential drug interactions. Cannabis should also be addressed, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic disease. Readiness and behavioural context A brief…

…and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus…

…adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or adapt in atrial fibrillation with a rapid…

…cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect modulation of vascular inflammation rather than lipid lowering. Other anti inflammatory strategies have produced less favourable results. Canakinumab, a…

…lower doses of each component, potentially limiting adverse effects and facilitating adherence. Treatment response, however, is heterogeneous, and some patients may benefit from a more…

…clinical effects therefore occur within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic segments, whereas CABG provides a…

…have a higher absolute cardiovascular risk than younger adults. Thus, although a smaller number of older patients may need treatment to prevent one adverse cardiovascular…

…pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE comprises four clinically useful groups: High risk…

…lack a pupillary reflex upon their initial presentation. An absent pupillary reflex upon presentation was associated with a threefold increased risk of an adverse neurological…

…risk. Left Atrial Diameter (LA) : Enlargement of the left atrium is a marker of elevated left ventricular filling pressures and is linked to adverse outcomes…

…personalized treatment decisions. The SYNTAX Score was created to address the need for a standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in…

…Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher risk. Sex : Females may…

…contrast agents, and accurately identifies abdominal aortic enlargement. Screening reduces aneurysm related mortality in populations with a high prevalence of AAA, particularly older male smoke

…alter the local vascular environment. The extracellular matrix is an active component of lesion development rather than merely a structural scaffold. Smooth muscle cells and…

…treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or a positive troponin assay identifies patients in whom an invasive strategy is generally preferred over selective angiography…

…hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction…

…based on the principle that flow limiting coronary disease limits the ability of a myocardial territory to augment blood flow during exercise or pharmacological vasodilation…

…Exercise stress test Evaluation of the exercise stress test (exercise ECG) The ECG reaction has always been a central component of the exercise stress test…

…the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling, smoking cessation, blood pressure and lipid management, and diabetes care are therefore integral rather than optional components…