…hypotension, pulmonary edema, malignant arrhythmias, and rapid progression to cardiogenic shock. Ventricular fibrillation or asystole may occur early due to the massive ischemia. Complete LMCA…

…acute target organ damage. Common manifestations are hypertensive encephalopathy, intracerebral haemorrhage, acute coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema, acute aortic syndrome, acute…

…attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia or infarction, acute…

…the strongest evidence for the four pillar disease modifying strategy applies to symptomatic HFrEF. Clinical presentation and symptoms Typical manifestations reflect pulmonary and systemic congestion…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and…

…a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively…

…patients with unknown etiology for acute severe heart failure. A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to evaluate ventricular and valvular function…

…chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or back pain is the…

…factors (see Risk factors below). A significant proportion of cases with pulmonary embolism require thrombolysis to dissolve the occlusion. Administration of thrombolysis requires careful consideration…

…3: PH due to chronic lung disease, hypoxia, or sleep disordered breathing Group 4: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease Group…

Indications Acute myocardial infarction. Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA…

…and pulmonary congestion. In pregnant patients presenting with suspected acute heart failure, urgent hospital admission and referral to an expert centre with advanced heart failure…

…pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the trapezius ridge is not…

…studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades. Furthermore, early revascularization in acute coronary syndromes…

…pain and ECG changes. Acute pulmonary oedema. Impaired consciousness. Synchronised cardioversion under sedation, at an energy level according to the local protocol. An anticoagulant is…

…with diaphoresis [4]. Aortic Dissection Severe, often sharp pain radiating to the back [5]. N/A N/A Acute Pericarditis Pleuritic, often retrosternal, radiating to

…not given another hour. Indications CPAP: Acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema with hypoxaemia and marked work of breathing — the strongest indication, with a rapid effect on…

…reserved primarily for instability. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment should establish whether AF is associated with acute haemodynamic compromise, pulmonary oedema, or evidence of…

…Type 1 Acute atherothrombotic MI, usually related to plaque rupture or erosion Type 2 MI caused by oxygen supply–demand imbalance unrelated to acute atherothrombosis…

…stroke volumes. Failure to increase cardiac output sufficiently will result in the following compilations: Pulmonary edema develops due to rising LAP and LVEDP. Cardiogenic shock…

…heart failure. Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or endocarditis. Acute aortic dissection. Physical inability to perform the test safely. Relative…

…death. Papillary muscle rupture Papillary muscle rupture causes abrupt severe MR. Its typical presentation is: Sudden severe dyspnoea. Acute pulmonary oedema. Hypotension. Progressive heart failure…

…disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress. Aortic dissection may cause sudden severe pain, often radiating to the…

…been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Rare. Most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS complexes, then…

…patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event. Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active…

…developing acute coronary syndromes increases during infections, including influenza (6–9). Two mechanisms have been proposed to precipitate acute coronary events during infections: An acute…

…venous pressure, pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema and body weight, often within days. However, diuretic treatment has not been shown formally to reduce heart failure mortality;…

…pectoris and acute myocardial infarction are categorized under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five…

…with ECG may reveal atrial fibrillation. Unfortunately, atrial fibrillation is too often discovered first at hospital admission due to its complications (stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure…

…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within…

…windows might be feasible, particularly during brief pauses. An enlargement of the right ventricle is suggestive of pulmonary embolism, though its specificity is low. Notably…

…or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing Relative contraindications Known obstructive left main coronary artery stenosis Moderate to severe…

…the patient on anticoagulants; see the acute stroke quick reference. Stopping the drug and forgetting to restart it after the procedure. Document the restart date…

…toxins, thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary), tension pneumothorax. No drug has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. High quality compressions with minimal…

…below the target range, or a PaO2 below 8 kPa on an arterial blood gas. Acute critical illness during initial stabilisation — cardiac arrest, shock, sepsis…

…vasodilation. Mild pulmonary vasodilation. No effect on CO. Ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac ischemia Hypertension Hypotension Phenylephrine Typically used as emergency bolus to correct acute hypotension. Hypotension…

…risk anatomical features include an interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery, a slit like orifice, a high coronary origin, acute angle take off…

…coronary, pulmonary, and aortic angiography can achieve less than 5 mSv in appropriate settings. Clinical Presentation and Indications CCTA is relevant to several clinical presentations…

…release is not specific to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Levels may also rise with: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction Valvular heart disease Pulmonary hypertension Ischaemic heart…

…of acute coronary syndrome. The physical examination should include: Assessment of all major peripheral pulses. Blood pressure measurement in both arms. Cardiac auscultation. Pulmonary auscultation…

…interventricular septum, or mitral valve apparatus. These lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac…

…supply cannot increase adequately. Ischaemia begins in the subendocardium, which contributes substantially to systolic wall thickening; consequently, inducible regional systolic wall thickening abnormalities may develop…

…This is due to the swinging back and forth of the heart in the pericardial space. Note that tachycardia, pulmonary embolism and ischemia may also…

…Pulmonary infarction in acute phase – due to risk of aggravating the condition. Perimyocarditis (myocarditis) in acute phase – due to risk of arrhythmias Severe aortic stenosis…

…vasodilation. Mild pulmonary vasodilation. No effect on CO. Ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac ischemia Hypertension Hypotension Phenylephrine Typically used as emergency bolus to correct acute hypotension. Hypotension…

…extreme axis deviation Extreme axis deviation is rare. It is most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS…

…involvement — lower it orally over days. Hypertensive emergency: raised pressure with acute organ damage (encephalopathy, pulmonary oedema, aortic dissection, acute renal failure, pre eclampsia) — intravenous…

…death. The volume required to produce tamponade depends principally on the rate of accumulation and the compliance of the pericardium. Rapid accumulation may cause tamponade…

…features include: An interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery A slit like orifice A high origin Acute angle take off An intramural course…

…For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is typically PEA, which is explained by the fact that the embolus prevents…

…Compensatory mechanisms may alleviate the condition temporarily, but the elevated left atrial pressure will rapidly propagate to the pulmonary circulation and cause pulmonary edema. Also…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…Moderate attack Acute severe attack Life threatening attack : : : : Speech Full sentences Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak Position…

…CT of the brain Exclude intracerebral haemorrhage and assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion…

…course and triggers Syndrome Typical course Common or important causes Targeted examination : : : : Acute vestibular syndrome Acute or subacute onset, continuous dizziness lasting hours to days…

…may have: Chest pain, pressure, tightness, heaviness, or discomfort. Pain radiating to the neck, jaw, shoulders, back, or one or both arms. Indigestion or heartburn…

…pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…