…3]. Step 1: classify by time course and triggers Syndrome Typical course Common or important causes Targeted examination : : : : Acute vestibular syndrome Acute or subacute onset…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening…

…Acute: 1–14 days. Subacute: 15–90 days. Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise…

…In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are…

…and procedural factors. Temporal classification Category Timing after stent implantation Acute 0–24 hours Subacute More than 24 hours to 30 days Late More than…

…wall rupture Free wall rupture may be catastrophic or subacute. In the catastrophic form, an acute tear causes haemopericardium, tamponade, and sudden: Loss of pulse…

…free wall rupture after infarction Anticoagulant associated bleeding Renal failure Systemic inflammatory disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients with acute pericarditis…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…but the other causes are either subacute or non acute. The history taking must be systematic and accurate because the history itself is often sufficient…

…Endocarditis with alpha streptococcus is most often subacute and can develop gradually over several days to weeks. More acute endocarditis is often caused by staphylococcus…

…important in the setting of chronic or acute coronary artery disease. All types of ischemia– chronic, acute, or subacute –lead to regional abnormalities in contractile…

…acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before…

…CT of the brain Exclude intracerebral haemorrhage and assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Acute aortic syndromes comprise classic aortic dissection, intramural haematoma (IMH), and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU). Aortic dissection accounts for…

…arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…

…validated clinical risk tools Acute RV failure is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV filling and/or reduced RV…

…serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not…

…aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. It is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous…

…and infarction ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia ST segment elevations with straight (horizontal, upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment strongly suggest acute…

…congestive heart failure or other cardiac dysfunction; haemodynamic instability; anaemia; multiple myeloma or other renal disease; hepatic disease; concurrent nephrotoxic drugs, including NSAIDs; and repeated…

…s morphology does not reliably establish that it will cause an acute event. A more clinically useful model considers both the plaque and the patient…

…50 per cent and titrate. At a high dose, in old age or in renal failure, reduce it further. Starting doses in acute pain in…

…ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), and ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI…

…detecting troponins in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. Several manufacturers have developed highly sensitive troponin assays for troponin I (cTnI) and troponin T (cTNT)…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…

…haemodynamically unstable patients, evaluation must also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with…

…and patient populations The evidence for anti inflammatory treatment in coronary disease has principally involved two populations: Patients recently recovering from myocardial infarction or acute…

…of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow. Acute coronary syndromes…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Acute Myocardial Infarction: Definition & Criteria Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

Adapted from AHA, ACC and ESC guidelines.

…such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior STEMI). Hence, an acute myocardial infarction may…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms…

…for interpretation of ischemia. All available ECG criteria for acute myocardial infarction and ischemia are based on conventional 12 lead ECG. Established ECG criteria do…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) always affects the left ventricle Myocardial infarction is virtually synonymous with left ventricular infarction . All myocardial…

…In reality, the course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is modified by several factors. The most important of these, and their implications, are as follows…

…broader spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, which may present with recent changes in symptoms or signs, with or without ECG abnormalities and with or without…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related…

…patients with unknown etiology for acute severe heart failure. A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to evaluate ventricular and valvular function…

…due to acute myocardial ischemia ST segment depressions caused by ischemia are characterized by a horizontal or downsloping ST segment. Indeed, North American and European…

…Management Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is the most severe manifestation of coronary artery disease. This chapter deals with the pathophysiology, definitions, criteria and…

…50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after an acute infarction—patients may develop hypotension and signs of end organ hypoperfusion…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…attack Acute severe attack Life threatening attack : : : : Speech Full sentences Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak Position and…

…An acute, fresh injury is therefore immobilised in a backslab or in a split cast, never in a closed circumferential cast , and the patient must…

…haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and papilloedema. Associated complications may include encephalopathy, acute heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and abrupt deterioration in renal function. By contrast…

…Type 2 MI and non ischaemic myocardial injury may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur…

…observant will notice that the classification differs slightly from that of atrial fibrillation. Acute and paroxysmal cases are common in clinical practice. Chronic flutter is…

…Evaluation of Treatment and Alternatives for Drug Failure The provided context does not contain specific information regarding the formal criteria for evaluating the success of…

…evaluate ventricular function, since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for…

…without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is…

…7.35 and a PaCO₂ above 6.0 kPa despite optimal medical treatment with bronchodilators, steroids and controlled oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in…

…the immunosuppressed and patients with renal or hepatic failure can have subtle symptoms. Findings that suggest acute organ dysfunction Organ or system Finding : : CNS New…

…receptors and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine medium dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure…

…that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained atherogenic particles accumulates over time, the probability of an acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular event increases…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid lowering therapy may leave patients…