…connective tissue and a very high density of capillaries. The muscle fibers are organized into several sheets that wrap around the ventricle with varying orientation…

…is: Lifestyle intervention and a maximally tolerated high intensity statin. Add ezetimibe if the LDL C goal is not achieved. Add a PCSK9 inhibitor if…

…incorporating relevant demographic variables; cystatin C may also be used as a filtration marker. CKD is one of the strongest independent risk factors for cardiovascular…

…low in healthy subjects; the 99 th percentile is less than a few nanograms per liter of blood (typically <5 ng/L). This is explained…

…adults Cystatin C based eGFR With an atypical muscle mass, or to confirm a creatinine based value The mean of creatinine and cystatin C The…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…also lowers non HDL C by up to approximately 50% and apolipoprotein B by approximately 20–40%. Effects on triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) are variable…

…Absolute benefit depends on baseline cardiovascular risk and the magnitude of LDL C reduction. Thus, even a modest absolute reduction may be clinically important in…

…patients who experience a recurrent atherothrombotic or cardiovascular event within 2 years while receiving maximally tolerated statin based treatment, an LDL C goal below 1…

…degradation. Histologically, a vulnerable plaque is defined by a fibrous cap thickness of less than 65 μm, heavy macrophage infiltration, sparse smooth muscle c

…interfering RNA (siRNA) agent inclisiran. The magnitude of LDL C lowering depends partly on residual LDL receptor expression. PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies are less effective in…

…in leads V1 V4 in black athletes. C: PR interval <120 ms with a delta wave and wide QRS (≥120 ms). D: QRS duration ≥140…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Statins inhibit 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Reduced hepatic cholesterol…

…outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014;4:e006462. Deasy C…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…HEMORR₂HAGES bleeding risk score is a clinical tool developed to assess the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) on anticoagulation therapy…

…resting heart rate 75 beats/min, based on a retrospective subgroup analysis in which a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate…

…is a clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose regulation. Diagnosis is based on the…

…non HDL C primarily reflect cholesterol content. The amount of cholesterol carried by individual particles varies according to particle size and composition. As a result…

…rate, saturation, chest movement and a blood gas. Ventilate by mask in opioid induced respiratory depression while naloxone is prepared C Pulse, blood pressure, peripheral…

…Calculator? The HCM Risk Calculator is based on the HCM Risk SCD formula , a validated risk prediction model developed I relatively large patient cohorts. It…

…• If LDL C ≥ 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): • Add ezetimibe (if not already added earlier). • Add a PCSK9 inhibitor (if statin + ezetimibe combination…

…1.24 The magnitude of cardiovascular risk reduction was considered similar to that achieved with statins for a comparable absolute degree of LDL C lowering…

…The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically…

…characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…a linear relationship between body temperature and both cardiopulmonary function and alertness. Cardiac arrest is unlikely to occur when body temperature remains above 28° C…

…Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements Chest percussion Lung auscultation Pulse oximetry ( 95%) C Circulation…

…angiography is considered after resuscitation if there is a high probability of ongoing myocardial ischemia. IIa C Pre hospital logistics Management Recommendation Level of evidence…

…unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M Cohen, P J Bernink, C H McCabe…

…Guo et al also report a significant association between troponin T levels and C reactive protein (CRP) and N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…perfusion. Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine that functions as an agonist of both beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors, with variable effects on alpha receptors. Stimulation…

…25 mm/s. Normal QRS (A), left bundle branch block (B) and right bundle branch block (C). One large box equals 100 ms at paperspeed…

…Mild Moderate–severe Encephalopathy None Grade 1–2 Grade 3–4 Class A = 5–6 points, B = 7–9, C = 10–15…

…clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor based approach: the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation…

…with or without food. Administering a 60 mg loading dose on an empty stomach may provide the fastest onset of effect. Do not crush or…

…therefore focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and secondary contributors A search for secondary…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…(A) The relation between the action potential and the ECG curve. Myocardial ischemia primarily affects repolarization, which is reflected in ST T changes on the…

…for acute severe heart failure. A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to evaluate ventricular and valvular function. Levosimendan drug is generally…

…LQTS Risk). EP Europace , 24(4), 614–619. 2.Priori, S. G., Blomström Lundqvist, C., Mazzanti, A., Blom, N., Borggrefe, M., Camm, J., Elliott, P…

…3 LQTS Risk). EP Europace, 24(4), 614–619. Priori, S. G., Blomström Lundqvist, C., Mazzanti, A., Blom, N., Borggrefe, M., Camm, J., Elliott, P…

…9 12.2% 17.4% CHADS Vasc score C: Congestive heart failure (1 point) H: Hypertension (1 point) A: Age 75 and older (2 points)…

…unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M Cohen, P J Bernink, C H McCabe…

…renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor. NT proBNP is an inactive cleavage product…

…outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:E006462. Deasy C…

…1 presents three trumpets; one placed on a table, and two are mounted on ambulances driving towards and away from the observer. When the sound…

…previously (see Doppler Effect and Doppler Echocardiography). Only a brief summary of the Doppler effect is provided here. The Doppler effect is used to assess…

…(a) = active atrial filling; (b) = increased atrial pressure due to bulging of mitral valve into the left atrium, when valve closes; (c) =…

…two to three times daily Pivmecillinam Dosed independently of renal function for a single course of treatment Trimethoprim 160 mg twice daily 160 mg twice…

…to a total maximum of 3 mg . Doses below 0.5 mg can paradoxically worsen the bradycardia and must be avoided. Atropine acts on the…

…has therefore not been abandoned, only redefined: continuous core temperature measurement and a target value that must never be exceeded, during the first 72 hours…

…syringing is performed on a tympanic membrane that was already perforated. Indications Otoscopy: earache, hearing loss, ear discharge, dizziness, tinnitus, fever in a child without…

…Contact technique with a cryoprobe gives a deeper and more controlled freeze on flat surfaces; spray technique is better on irregular surfaces and in the…

…long term safety and efficacy data. References ESC EACVI Guidelines for Valvular Heart Disease (2018). Filsoufi F, Anyanwu AC, Salzberg SP, Frankel T, Cohn LH…

…a sign of acute ischemia. T wave inversions with concomitant ST segment deviations are, however, typical of ischemia but in that scenario, it is ac

…study, PET, SPECT, genetic profiling — add information but are too costly or invasive to screen a population. The surface ECG is the obvious cheap, standardized…

…identified a novel familial (autosomal dominant) cardiac syndrome. The underlying genetic abnormality is yet to be discovered. Diagnosis of this syndrome is based on ECG…

…a novel classification has been proposed: Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of…

…aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state. Its atherogenic and inflammatory effects may be mediated partly by oxidized phospholipids carried on the particle. Genetic and…