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Nasogastric tube

…nose, a vomit bowl, tissues, and a glass of water with a straw if the patient is awake and can swallow. Gloves, an apron, a…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…hours Chronic At least 48 hours Unknown Treated as chronic with respect to the correction limits The brain adapts to prolonged hypotonicity by extruding electrolytes…

Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Assessment and Prevention

…of filtered substances along the nephron as water is reabsorbed. Nephrotoxic injury may involve the tubules, interstitium, renal vasculature or collecting system. With iodinated contrast…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…system, lukewarm fluid (tap water for adults, isotonic saline for children), a collecting vessel, a bite block, and powerful suction with wide bore tubing. Working…

Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG interpretation

…mechanism. Sequential activation implies that the atria are activated first and they fill the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before ventricular contraction commences. To…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular compartments…

Physics of ultrasound

…a physical medium. This medium may consist of any matter, e.g air, water, metal, or tissue and fluids in the human body. Sound waves…

Otoscopy and ear syringing

…the tympanic membrane — including a history of grommets, ear discharge or pain on contact with water. A history of ear surgery in which the middle…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…BNP and NT proBNP concentrations than chronic, stable disease, and greater volume overload is usually associated with higher levels. However, this relationship is not universal…

Resistant Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

…White coat hypertension; Poor adherence or persistence with prescribed therapy; Inadequate dosing; An inappropriate diuretic for kidney function; Excess dietary sodium and volume overload; Concomitant…

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