…Severe regurgitation Jet size < 5cm² 5 10 cm² 10 cm² size vena cava inferior < 2,1 cm and compressible in between 2,1…

…in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or…

…Thrombi formed in the deep veins in the legs or pelvis can detach and flow via inferior vena cava to the right atrium and ventricle…

…right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation Strongly suggests a raised filling pressure Marked respiratory…

…Severe regurgitation Jet size < 5cm² 5 10 cm² 10 cm² size vena cava inferior < 2,1 cm and compressible in between 2,1…

…atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava. A critical area…

…a pregnant woman is supine, the uterus can exert significant compression on both the inferior vena cava and the descending aorta. During a cardiac arrest…

…pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics…

…Choice of site Vessel Advantages Disadvantages : : : Internal jugular vein (right) Best ultrasound conditions, a straight course to the superior vena cava, compressible if bleeding occurs…

…without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does…

…via the inferior vena cava . Blood in the inferior vena cava continues to the right atrium. Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood in the superior vena cava (which…

…right atrium and the inferior vena cava, which causes the blood to flow in the retrograde direction (from the atrium to the inferior vena cava)…

…intrinsic automaticity The sinus node is a small oval structure located near the entrance of the superior vena cava in the right atrium (Figure 1)…

…via the inferior vena cava . Blood in the inferior vena cava continues to the right atrium. Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood in the superior vena cava (which…

…myocardial cells located around the crista terminalis , the entrance of the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava, as well as cells around the mitral…

…vena cava is used as a proxy for pressure in the right atrium, which is possible because there is normally no valve between the vena…

…back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm). Severe tricuspid regurgitation may lead to systolic…

Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,69 0,69 EROA (cm²…

…4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 PHT…

…4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6 PHT…

… v aliasing = aliasing speed. This formula actually calculates the area of vena contracta (Figure 3), which is approximately equal to the area of the…

…the circulation. ECMO use during cardiac arrest (referred to as ECPR [extracorporeal CPR] ) requires the immediate establishment of veno arterial ECMO (VA ECMO) . A peripheral…

…of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG showing polymorphic ventricular tachycardia degenerating into ventricular fibrillation. By Bagnall et al: BMC Medical Genetics 15 (2014): 99. Polymorphic vent

…of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG showing polymorphic ventricular tachycardia degenerating into ventricular fibrillation. By Bagnall et al: BMC Medical Genetics 15 (2014): 99. Polymorphic vent

…be able to identify shockable rhythms, i.e. tachyarrhythmias that can be terminated by means of defibrillation (non synchronized shock) or cardioversion (synchronized shock). Ven