…vascular disease and renal dysfunction. The commonly used CHA2DS2 VASc score incorporates the following variables: Risk factor Points Congestive heart failure 1 Hypertension 1 Age…

…thrombus can fragment, embolize to other coronary branches or vascular beds, propagate through gaps between stent struts, and compromise the treated lumen. Conventional angiography has…

…the potential for bleeding complications. The CHA₂DS₂ VA score is a clinical tool designed to assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation …

…the expected diagnostic or therapeutic benefit against the patient’s specific procedural risks. Vascular access and access site complications Radial and femoral access Radial access…

…in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries…

…stroke requires attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia or…

…must be familiar with the vascular supply to these components. Figure 1 presents all relevant parts of the conduction system and their source of blood…

…intracerebral haemorrhage and assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology…

…improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff, short tubing, a transducer, and a flush system with physiological saline in…

…heartbeat Dyspnoea and worsening pulmonary congestion Reduced exercise capacity Symptoms or signs of heart failure Haemodynamic instability Myocardial ischaemic symptoms or electrocardiographic changes Thromboembolic complications…