…device or a pessary. Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a…

…older protocols but is no longer routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation of calcium phosphate. Contraindications Hypokalaemia — must be corrected first or in parallel…

…and establish the time course. 2. Measure the urine output. Perform a bladder scan in oliguria, anuria or unexplained AKI. 3. Assess the circulation and…

…or normal ↑ or normal Obstructive (tamponade, PE) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Vital signs and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100…

…Alternatively urine ketones ≥ 2+ if blood ketones are unavailable Blood ketones < 3.0 mmol/L Acid–base Venous pH < 7.3 and/or…

…and urine sodium before treatment. 5. With severe symptoms: give hypertonic saline immediately. Do not wait for a complete work up of the cause or…

…65 mmHg 80–85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate Falling…

…h, or anuria ≥ 12 h Other kidney related values The fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) = (urine Na × plasma creatinine) / (plasma Na × urine creatinine) × 100…

…retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient…

…fluid ounces of wine containing approximately 12% alcohol, or 1.5 fluid ounces of 40% distilled spirits. Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source…