…transferred to such centers. Post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) Post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) emerges after ROSC or initiation of ECMO. The syndrome was first…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…Level of evidence Urgent angiography is indicated in patients exhibiting ST segment elevation. I B TTM (targeted temperature management) is indicated after resuscitation if the…

…requires urgent surgical or transcatheter intervention, with temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) considered as a bridge. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Symptoms of STEMI The usual…

…pillow to place under the shoulders as an alternative to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can…

…unexplained AKI. 3. Assess the circulation and volume status, including signs of both hypovolaemia and venous congestion. 4. Take an urgent panel: creatinine, urea, sodium…

…intensive care Intermediate–high Stable Yes Raised Admission with monitoring. Be prepared for rescue thrombolysis Intermediate–low Stable One of the two positive Admission Low…

…Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an…

…intensive care and neurology; intubate as needed and start anaesthetic treatment with EEG After clinical cessation of the seizure Assess the recovery of consciousness. Urgent…

…intensive care in circulatory compromise, serious arrhythmia, marked QRS widening, a sine wave pattern, or a need for repeated calcium treatment. Urgent investigations As a…

…regarded as an isolated electrocardiographic pattern in every case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The…

…loss reduce the likelihood of successful limb salvage. Evaluation and physical examination ALI requires immediate clinical assessment by a vascular specialist or urgent transfer to…

…infarction (STEMI). Stable patients with ROSC presenting with ST elevations should undergo urgent coronary angiography with the intent of performing PCI. The COACT, PEARL and…

…more frequently, as individually appropriate. 3 Important study: Milrinone as Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock (N Engl J Med 2021; 385…

…Perform urgent CT of the brain and CT angiography from the aortic arch to the vertex. 8. Contact the thrombectomy centre immediately where large vessel…

Procedurer Pericardiocentesis is performed on the basis of the haemodynamics, not the volume of fluid. A litre that has accumulated slowly can be asymptomatic, while…

…where urgent reversion to sinus rhythm is required. The rationale for electrical therapy over drugs is that, under monitored conditions, a controlled "dose" of electricity…

…on ST segment elevation as the key trigger for emergent reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary…

…minutes of the diagnosis, if symptom duration is under 12 hours and there is no contraindication After successful fibrinolysis Transfer directly to a PCI centre…

…and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI ≤ 0.90 is diagnostic of peripheral arterial disease and at the same…

…of classic aortic dissection. Symptom onset in PAU may indicate lesion expansion and involvement of the adventitia, requiring urgent imaging because of the risk of…

…important as a marker of potentially severe disease. The presence of haemodynamic instability places the patient in the high risk category and requires urgent evaluation…

…emergency or urgent procedures, chronic kidney disease, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse…

…requiring urgent non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or those considered unlikely to adhere to medication. However, contemporary data support the use of…

…and cardiac arrest after presentation are markers of very high risk. They require immediate escalation because the priority is to identify and treat an obstructive…

…other evidence of ongoing ischaemia Symptoms suggesting haemodynamic compromise, such as near syncope or poor perfusion Known arrhythmia or electrical instability The presence of severe…

…ischemia/infarction : There are numerous causes of LBBB, such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly…