…P. When ACE is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory tract. This process is not dose dependent…

…the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract Diagnosis Agent Dose Duration : : : : Pneumonia, non severe (DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1…

…that make a seal impossible. Recent surgery on the oesophagus or upper gastrointestinal tract, ileus and ongoing upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Marked agitation or inability to…

…former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a…

…ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with…

…heaviness, burning, or discomfort in the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis…

…Myocardial injury Myocardial injury is a biochemical diagnosis defined by at least one cardiac troponin value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit…

…food allergies, insect stings, and drug induced reactions. Approximately 90% of anaphylactic cardiac arrests present with pulseless electrical activity (PEA) as the initial rhythm, while…