…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure…

…7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle…

…possible stent thrombosis for clinical research and outcome assessment. Predisposing factors Domain Factors associated with stent thrombosis Clinical Acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, renal failure…

…cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

…and potassium should be evaluated within 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of ACE inhibitors, especially in patients with preexisting azotemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, diabetes mellitus…

…mosm/kg or total osmolality 320 mosm/kg Typical patient Often type 1 diabetes, but also occurs in type 2 diabetes Usually type 2 diabetes…

…or long acting) Covers fasting glucose production Everyone with type 1 diabetes, always, including while fasting. Many with type 2 Mealtime insulin (rapid acting) Covers…

…production Familial forms include familial hyperaldosteronism type 1, formerly termed glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism, and other familial forms associated with adrenal adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia…

…and with or without an elevation in cardiac troponin. The underlying pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion or process. Although Type 1…

…statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP…

…trials are underway. Figure 1. As of March 25 (2020), there have been more than 530,000 individuals with confirmed COVID 19, of whom more…

…among patients with HFPEF, as compared with patients with HFREF. Table 1. Types of heart failure. Type Description Ejection fraction (%) HFREF Heart Failure with Reduced…

…among patients with HFPEF, as compared with patients with HFREF. Table 1. Types of heart failure. Type Description Ejection fraction (%) HFREF Heart Failure with Reduced…

…matched controls without autoimmune disease. The greatest risks were reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes. Traditional factors such as smoking…

…of cancer, heart failure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity. The increased use of computed tomography (CT), and improvements in CT techniques, have increased…

…Assessment 1. History: duration, previous ulcers, DVT, varicose veins, claudication, diabetes, smoking, character of the pain. 2. Measure and trace the ulcer; photograph it with…

…left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to end systole). 1 Hypokinesia Reduced thickening…

… severe, ≥ 4.0 m/s or a valve area < 1.0 cm² with a mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg. Fluid responsiveness Static measures such as…

…to twelve weeks, latex with a PTFE coating for a shorter period. Procedure In men 1. Supine with the legs slightly apart. Create a sterile…

…calculation. Echocardiographic Calculation of Qp/Qs 1. Measurement of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT) Diameter Optimal View : Mid transgastric left ventricular short axis (LVSAX) view…

…AV node in Mobitz type 1 block can be viewed as a tendency to exhaust the conduction capacity. It starts with the successful conduction of…

…categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type 2 MI frequently present with acute chest pain and troponin elevation. The clinical manifestation…

…Type IIIb: extends below the diaphragm. The temporal classification is also clinically relevant: Hyperacute: less than 24 hours from symptom onset. Acute: 1–14 days…

…with clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on pathophysiology and clinical context: Type 1…

…caused by restenosis Type 5 MI associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Types 4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because…

…also referred to as 1st degree AV block, AV block I, or AV block 1. Before proceeding, it is recommended to review the basic concepts…

…interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A: Mobitz Type…

…For patients with a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an LDL C goal below 1.0 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL…

…namely: (1) pure motor stroke/hemiparesis (2) ataxic hemiparesis (3) dysarthria (4) pure sensory stroke (5) mixed sensorimotor stroke. Cardioembolic stroke Thromboembolism associated with cerebral…

…of circulatory collapse is highest with AV block 2 Mobitz type 2 and AV block 3. The only treatment with a class I recommendation for…

Echocardiography Cardiomyopathy caused by tachycardia A prolonged tachycardia can cause cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy…

…V5 is absent. It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for…

…< 120 ms with a delta wave and QRS 110 ms. Brugada pattern type 1: ST elevation ≥ 2 mm of coved type with a negative…

…Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with…

…associated with in stent restenosis. Type 5 MI: MI related to CABG. Type 4b and type 4c events fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI…

…This may be confused with right bundle branch block. Paper speed 50 mm/s. Type 1 Brugada syndrome reminds somewhat of right bundle branch block…

…which are classified into three types: first degree, second degree, and third degree AV blocks. Readers already familiar with the basics of AV blocks can…

…Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has…

…be of the same type as the initial event. Ezetimibe is recommended when the LDL C target is not achieved with the maximum tolerated statin…

…by a repolarization (recovery). The action potential occurs in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions…

…arteries and arterial territories The two main coronary arteries emanate from the aortic bulb ( Figure 1 ): The right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on the right…

…MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable…

…divided into three angiographic patterns: Type Angiographic appearance Diagnostic considerations Type 1 Contrast staining of the arterial wall with multiple lumens or radiolucent channels The…

…UA has precipitously declined, as many cases previously classified as UA are now recognized as micro infarctions (NSTEMI) [8] . Type 1 vs. Type 2 Myoca

…from second degree AV block Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach block) is uncommon. However, second degree AV block Mobitz type 2 frequently progresses to third degree…

…et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Class Definition Agents Class IA Na + channel blocker with intermediate offset kinetics Ajmaline, Cibenzoline…

…INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point, with a maximum score of 9…

Info This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Class Definition Agents Class IA Na + channel blocker with intermediate offset kinetics Ajmaline, Cibenzoline…

…antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace. Figure…

…lines, then all velocities in the area can be presented with colors. The brighter the color, the higher the velocity. As shown in Figure 1…

Cardiology This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…on e.g the type of pacemaker, intrinsic cardiac activity, etc. The cardinal manifestation of pacing on surface ECG is the stimulation artifact (Figure 1)…

…is based on total left ventricular mass, which can be calculated by obtaining the measurements shown in Figure 1. The ultrasound system automatically calculates RWT…

…distinguishes infarction according to its mechanism: Type 1 myocardial infarction: acute atherosclerotic plaque disruption or erosion with coronary thrombosis. Type 2 myocardial infarction: acute myocardial…

…block II, type 1 (Wencheback block) PR interval is gradually prolonged until one atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in the AV node. Generally not…

…Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach block) Pauses up to 4 seconds in patients with atrial fibrillation. Bradycardia in atrial fibrillation (bradycardia–tachycardia syndrome) Individuals with sick…

…Type 1 second degree sinoatrial block. Second degree sinoatrial (SA) block type 2 In type 2 second degree sinoatrial block impulses are blocked sporadically (without…

…check the sample type, supplemental oxygen, sampling technique, air bubbles and analytical delay, and compare with the electrolyte panel Rapid classification pH pCO₂ HCO₃ Likely…