…a traumatic hemorrhage can deplete intravascular volume to such an extent that chest compressions fail to generate stroke volumes. Consequently, addressing reversible causes of cardiac…

…group is associated with high mortality when malperfusion or rupture develops; surgery or endovascular treatment is therefore generally favoured within 14 days of symptom onset…

…heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45° Stress ulcer prophylaxis During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy, or with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding Refeeding…

…treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more than an exact estimate of blood loss [1]. Strong indications for activation Ongoing bleeding with haemodynamic instability…

…the commonest cause of permanent loss of function is a tendon injury that was sutured over without being found. Indications A traumatic wound that gapes…

…be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome…

…pericardiotomy syndrome and post traumatic pericarditis, including cases related to cardiovascular interventions. Dressler syndrome now occurs in fewer than 1% of AMI cases and is…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination…

…and traumatic haemopericardium — these require surgery; pericardiocentesis is at best a bridge to it. A small (under 10 mm), loculated or purely posterior effusion with…

…with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding 4 mmol/l, commence an intravenous fluid resuscitation using a crystalloid solution at a dose of 30…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of hemorrhage induced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019;140: 37 42…

…over compressions. For traumatic tamponades, thoracotomy remains the primary therapeutic intervention. Ideally, it should be performed within 15 minutes of the onset of collapse. Pericardiocentesis…

…even with a reduced level of consciousness, focal neurological signs or seizures — because the delay costs more than the scan contributes. Only clinical signs of…