…must never delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS…

…a traumatic hemorrhage can deplete intravascular volume to such an extent that chest compressions fail to generate stroke volumes. Consequently, addressing reversible causes of cardiac…

…less commonly, retrograde. Distal re entry tears may allow blood to return to the true lumen, whereas disruption of the adventitia can result in rupture…

…light sedation with a daily wake up trial shortens the time on the ventilator. See the article on confusion for the management of delirium in…

…requirement. Obstetric haemorrhage of around 1,500 mL or more with continuing bleeding, or a smaller measured blood loss if there is physiological compromise. Do…

…the commonest cause of permanent loss of function is a tendon injury that was sutured over without being found. Indications A traumatic wound that gapes…

…be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome…

…pericardiotomy syndrome and post traumatic pericarditis, including cases related to cardiovascular interventions. Dressler syndrome now occurs in fewer than 1% of AMI cases and is…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination…

…and traumatic haemopericardium — these require surgery; pericardiocentesis is at best a bridge to it. A small (under 10 mm), loculated or purely posterior effusion with…

…Coimbra R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life upon hospital arrival: a retrospective multicenter study. Crit Care…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of hemorrhage induced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019;140: 37 42…

…over compressions. For traumatic tamponades, thoracotomy remains the primary therapeutic intervention. Ideally, it should be performed within 15 minutes of the onset of collapse. Pericardiocentesis…