…of cases. Potentially reversible causes of traumatic cardiac arrest ( Salomone et al ): Hypovolemia : Hypovolemic shock is common in both penetrating and blunt force trauma. Loss…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic…

…prone positioning at a P/F ratio < 20 kPa (150 mmHg), and permissive hypercapnia as long as the pH stays above about 7.20…

…Beta blockade, a pacemaker and autonomic neuropathy can at the same time mask the expected tachycardia. Aids to assessment The shock index is calculated as…

…without being found. Indications A traumatic wound that gapes and cannot be expected to heal with good function or cosmesis without apposition. A wound that…

…and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around…

…produced by contact between inflamed pericardial layers. It may have up to three components per cardiac cycle and is often best heard at end expiration…

…can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes…

…or merely aggravation? Distinguish between a movement that triggers a new attack and a movement that merely worsens dizziness that is already ongoing . A patient…

…surgeon. Myocardial rupture after myocardial infarction, and traumatic haemopericardium — these require surgery; pericardiocentesis is at best a bridge to it. A small (under 10 mm)…

…an indicator of tissue hypoperfusion and can guide resuscitative efforts. If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding 4 mmol/l…

CPR Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia Hyperthermia is characterized by a body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F…

…does not ensure complete drainage of the pericardium, and needles or catheters are at risk of bending or damage during chest compressions. References DeBehnke DJ…

…Identify the level. Palpate both iliac crests and draw an imaginary line between them. The line crosses the midline at approximately L4. Puncture at the…