…general population. This excess risk has been documented across a broad range of conditions, including gout, vasculitis, systemic sclerosis, myositis, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren…

…connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of…

…dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be…

…include: Hypertension Dyspnoea Exercise intolerance Congestive HF CAD Palpitations or suspected atrial fibrillation OSA or daytime symptoms suggestive of sleep disordered breathing Hypoventilation Peripheral oedema…

…Cardiac Amyloidosis Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar proteins in the myocardium…

…effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100 beats per minute) is on a par with the rate in sinus…

…4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis…

…by numerous local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation…

…diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other…

…highly heterogeneous group of disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes are excluded. However, advances in molecular diagnostics…

…history of cigarette smoking may be present despite relatively few other conventional atherosclerotic risk factors. A substantial proportion present with NSTEMI, although STEMI occurs in…

…often indicative of a noncardiac source [4]. 3. Pneumonia with Pleurisy Pain Characteristics: Pleuritic pain is a common presentation [2]. 4. Other Systemic/Local Causes…

…a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…Epidemiological aspects of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is equally common among men and women. The prevalence in a Western population is approximately 0.2…

…surface between the transducer and the skin. Generous use of gel is recommended. In addition to the gel, it is important to apply some pressure…

…Definition and scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition…

…HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic, rare lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute…

…Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant…

…follow up and appropriate therapy. In this setting, the risk of sudden death and end stage heart failure is high, and assessment for advanced therapies…

…beats/min) Undiagnosed systolic murmur Carotid sinus massage should be considered in patients with symptoms suggestive of carotid sinus syncope and in patients older than…

…over extensor tendons, are characteristic clinical manifestations of untreated FH and may develop when the disorder is not recognized early in life. Corneal arcus and…

…use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the severity of withdrawal and the risk of seizures and delirium [1,2]. In…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…Fenoldopam Drug Fenoldopam Brand names Corlopam ® Indications Short term management of hypertension, including hypertensive emergency. Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist…

…used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or…

…can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR)…

…well perfused tissues. This is followed by a terminal half life of 26 to 107 days (mean 53 days, with most patients in the 40…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…support typically manifests in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, low cardiac output, and dyspnea at rest that persists despite administration of diuretics and vasodilators…

…risk factor [2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely…

…low gradient. Pathophysiology of aortic stenosis As aortic stenosis progresses, pressure conditions on the left side change dramatically, including in the left ventricle, left atrium…

…Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in…

…a systemic corticosteroid if the exacerbation is more than mild. 6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal…

…treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated doses of an inhaled short acting β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe attacks, and a systemic steroid given early…

…iCare, Tono Pen). Procedure Systematic examination 1. Visual acuity in each eye separately , with the patient's usual glasses and then through a pinhole. This…

…and thereby increases contractility and chronotropy, with a slight rise in SVR. Ventricular arrhythmias. Myocardial ischaemia. Tissue ischaemia (high doses or extravasation). Dopamine — high dose…

…clinical picture are sufficient for a treatment decision. Systemic thrombolysis is the first line treatment in high risk embolism, unless there is an absolute contraindication…

…abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease…

…6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects…

…6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects…

…with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP readings tend to be more accurate than systolic blood pressure when…

…Prinzmetal's angina Mechanism of action Nicardipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB). Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and…

…risk assessment. Key Variables in SYNTAX Score II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical…

…a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS…

…and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions incorporated into…

…inspiratory fall in systemic systolic blood pressure, termed pulsus paradoxus. Tamponade is therefore characterized haemodynamically by elevation and near equalization of diastolic pressures in the…

…of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil, fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes; unsaturated fatty acids and other…

…nodal refractoriness. Its electrophysiologic effects on the His Purkinje system and ventricular muscle are minimal, except in cases of toxic concentrations. In most patients, the…

…failure and occurs in more than 90% of patients presenting with the syndrome. Its severity and temporal pattern vary considerably. Symptoms of systemic venous congestion…

…of ventricular adaptation to the resistance that must be overcome by the ventricles. The left ventricle must overcome the pressure in the aorta and systemic…

…and/or fall in cardiac troponin with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit; and Clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia…

…central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left ventricular function also lowers…

…inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only by the epicardial obstruction but also by the vulnerability of the…

…atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism, dissection, coronary arteritis associated with systemic vasculitis…

…local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome The major mechanisms producing…

…to embolization in the systemic circulation. The complications can be fatal. Approximately 500 Swedes are affected annually by endocarditis and the median age of 70…

…6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects…