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Cardiac arrest due to pneumothorax

…volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In instances of…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…Choice of site The posterior superior iliac spine is the standard site for both aspiration and biopsy in adults. Here the posterior part of the…

🟠 ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score

…Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy…

🟠 HEMORR₂HAGES Bleeding Risk Score

…risk (1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low…

Atrial Flutter: Mechanisms, ECG Recognition and Management

…The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava. A critical area of slow conduction is…

What is the difference between cardioversion and defibrillation for arrhythmias?

…standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads…

A New Approach to Acute Coronary Syndromes: Occlusion MI (OMI) vs. Non-Occlusion MI (NOMI)

…even in the absence of classic ST elevation. Multiple studies have demonstrated the superior sensitivity of OMI criteria—including subtle and nontraditional ECG patterns such…

Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG

…MRI) are superior to the ECG in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, to detect hypertrophy/dilatation using the ECG, a wide range of criteria…

Central venous catheter

…ultrasound conditions, a straight course to the superior vena cava, compressible if bleeding occurs, low risk of pneumothorax Uncomfortable for an awake patient, harder to…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…with a high BMI, and that the deltoid injection is placed too high — which causes the shoulder injury known as SIRVA. Both are avoided with…

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