…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial…

CPR A standard 12 lead ECG should be recorded in all patients after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The purpose of a 12 lead ECG…

…ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by…

…should undergo a diagnostic paracentesis , because spontaneous bacterial peritonitis often lacks abdominal pain and peritonism and instead presents as encephalopathy, renal failure or simply deterioration…

…aged 18 to 70, who received bystander CPR and initially presented with a ventricular arrhythmia without return of spontaneous circulation within 15 minutes, were included…

…sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current is a mixed inward Na⁺/K⁺ current activated by hyperpolarisation and contributes to spontaneous diastolic depolarisation. By inhibiting the…

…Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. ECG 3 . Spontaneous termination of the ventricular tachycardia. ECG 4 . Recurrence and spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia…

…demonstrate that the available interventions are time sensitive, and to maximize the likelihood of restoring spontaneous circulation, interventions should be adapted to the current phase…

…triggers it [1,2]. The single most important practical rule is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner…

…OCT or IVUS may demonstrate plaque rupture, thrombus, spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), or another occult structural abnormality. IVUS IVUS generates images by transmitting ultrasound…

…and spontaneous coronary artery dissection with or without intramural haematoma. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is defined as spontaneous dissection of the coronary artery wall with…

…the position of the tracheal tube. Evaluating the efficacy of chest compressions. Identifying return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential reasons for a flat ETCO2…

…Hemodynamically, the gold standard definition of HFpEF relies on the demonstration of spontaneous or provokable elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, defined invasively as a…

…in Chapter 1 the atrioventricular node does not exhibit automaticity, meaning that it does not discharge spontaneous action potentials, at least not under normal circumstances…

…recording in children Pediatric patients frequently have difficulties being still during clinical examinations. The youngest children often display spontaneous movements of limbs, neck and trunk…

…of sinus tachycardia are as follows: Normal (physiologic) sinus tachycardia: The automaticity (rate of spontaneous depolarization) in the sinoatrial node is increased during physical activity…

…fluid responsiveness poorly. Dynamic measures are better: a pulse pressure variation 13% in a ventilated patient in sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising…

…is not a test for BPPV. It is used in the acute vestibular syndrome — continuous vertigo with spontaneous nystagmus, nausea and difficulty walking that has…

…of overdose. Sedation precedes respiratory depression; monitor it. Naloxone is titrated to spontaneous breathing, not to wakefulness. It has a short half life, and the…

…neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful, it often arises spontaneously, and it must be actively prevented…

…or VT <30 seconds terminated by therapy. Non sustained VT (NSVT) : VT with ≥3 beats and spontaneous termination. Classification according to morphology: Monomorphic VT : VT…

…investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress…

…coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared with those with spontaneous dissection. Clinical manifestations may result from rupture…

…angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography may fail to demonstrate plaque…

…blood pressure severity. Hypokalaemia is highly suggestive when present, particularly if spontaneous or diuretic induced, but it is absent in most diagnosed patients. Reliance on…

…collateral flow, myocardial oxygen demand, spontaneous thrombus lysis, and the quality of tissue level perfusion after epicardial flow is restored. Microvascular obstruction may persist despite…

…Nevertheless, patients who develop serious arrhythmias during spontaneous episodes represent a higher risk subgroup. Evaluation and physical examination The cardiac examination is usually normal when…

…with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch…

…or VT <30 seconds terminated by therapy. Non sustained VT (NSVT) : VT with ≥3 beats and spontaneous termination. Classification according to morphology: Monomorphic VT : VT…

…often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)…

… the presence of spontaneous atrial or ventricular activity should inhibit pacing in the chamber with activity. However, sensing of spontaneous atrial activity (P waves) without…

…Additionally, the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is typically not sustained at temperatures below 30°C. Concurrent Hypothermia and Asphyxia in Avalanche Incidents Hypothermia coupled with…

…the sinoatrial node is called "pacemaker potential", because it is responsible for the spontaneous repetitive depolarization. The depolarization spreads from the sinoatrial node to the…

…CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the aorta LOW EMBOLIC POTENTIAL SEP (Spontaneous Echocardiographic Potential) Left ventricular aneurysm without thrombus Prolapse of mitral valve Aortic…

…all the eligible studies resulted in the following survival estimates: Likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was 29.7% (95% CI 27.6–31…

…Figure 3. Spontaneous atrial activity is sensed by the atrial lead and triggers ventricular stimulations. The QRS complex is wide due to ventricular depolarization proceeding…

…Sudden cessation of tissue perfusion as a result of cardiac or vascular condition. May reverse spontaneously (e.g., vasovagal syncope) or with treatment (e.g.…

…rhythm. A brief run of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs after the 4th beat. The VT terminates spontaneously after a few beats, and reoccurs again…

…presupposes that the previous one has been done properly. Indications Ongoing epistaxis that has not stopped spontaneously. Recurrent bleeding from a visible vessel on the…

…de pointes . ECG showing an episode of sinus rhythm (with multiple ventricular premature beats) spontaneously converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial…

…recommended if symptoms are completely relieved and ST segment elevation is completely normalized spontaneously or after nitroglycerin administration (provided there is no recurrence of symptoms…

…specialized cells that have a unique ability to spontaneously depolarize. Thus, the cells of the sinus node are capable of spontaneously discharging an action potential…

…several structures in the heart possess automaticity (i.e. the ability to depolarize spontaneously). These structures are as follows: The sinoatrial (SA) node: the sinoatrial…

…three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a rate exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm), which terminates spontaneously within 30 seconds [1] . While often asymptomatic…

…and cardiac arrest. Importantly, the progress from VT to cardiac arrest may be aborted either spontaneously or by means of treatment. Interestingly, treatment of VT…