…90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe…

…are: Plaque rupture with exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque erosion. Thrombosis associated with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery…

…left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture…

…plaque rupture, coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary…

…for: characterizing the surface of atheroma; measuring fibrous cap thickness; distinguishing thrombus from plaque; evaluating occult plaque rupture; identifying spontaneous coronary dissection or intramural hematoma…

…rupture or plaque erosion with thrombosis, despite the absence of an angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous…

…and pathophysiology Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an…

…seizures and temperature management. The ICU is the preferred level of care for the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and…

…ECG should be recorded in all patients after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The purpose of a 12 lead ECG is to detect ST elevation…

…ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by…

…Scan the left lower quadrant. Confirm at least 2–3 cm of free fluid depth with no bowel in the path of the needle and…

…with a ventricular arrhythmia without return of spontaneous circulation within 15 minutes, were included. At 30 days, 20% of those in the extracorporeal CPR group…

…hyperpolarisation and contributes to spontaneous diastolic depolarisation. By inhibiting the intracellular portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces…

…Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. ECG 3 . Spontaneous termination of the ventricular tachycardia. ECG 4 . Recurrence and spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia…

…affects the effectiveness of the interventions. Numerous studies demonstrate that the available interventions are time sensitive, and to maximize the likelihood of restoring spontaneous circulation…

…acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative…

…of chest compressions. Identifying return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential reasons for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of…

…Hemodynamically, the gold standard definition of HFpEF relies on the demonstration of spontaneous or provokable elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, defined invasively as a…

…These cells are capable of spontaneous depolarization (i.e they display automaticity) and can therefore act as latent pacemakers (which become active when atrial impulses…

…leg electrodes are placed proximally on the thighs and arm electrodes are placed proximally on the upper arm. Placement of chest (precordial) electrodes are not…

…in terms of pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment. The types of sinus tachycardia are as follows: Normal (physiologic) sinus tachycardia: The automaticity (rate of spontaneous depolarization…

…sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness…

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

…8/min, or an increasing level of sedation , are signs of overdose. Sedation precedes respiratory depression; monitor it. Naloxone is titrated to spontaneous breathing, not…

…no meaningful response to speech) after the return of spontaneous circulation , whether the arrest occurred in or out of hospital and whatever the initial rhythm…

…or VT <30 seconds terminated by therapy. Non sustained VT (NSVT) : VT with ≥3 beats and spontaneous termination. Classification according to morphology: Monomorphic VT : VT…

…investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress…

…particularly if spontaneous or diuretic induced, but it is absent in most diagnosed patients. Reliance on hypokalaemia alone therefore misses a substantial proportion of cases…

…vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular…

…or VT <30 seconds terminated by therapy. Non sustained VT (NSVT) : VT with ≥3 beats and spontaneous termination. Classification according to morphology: Monomorphic VT : VT…

…often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)…

…The inhibition of pacing is appropriate when there is intrinsic cardiac activity; the presence of spontaneous atrial or ventricular activity should inhibit pacing in the…

…interventions to reoxygenate the patient is of paramount importance. In cardiac arrest due to asphyxia, the probability of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is high…

…This is due to the diminished efficacy of these interventions at low temperatures. Additionally, the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is typically not sustained at…

…is responsible for the spontaneous repetitive depolarization. The depolarization spreads from the sinoatrial node to the atrial and ventricular myocardium. Propagation of the action potential…

…Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the aorta LOW EMBOLIC POTENTIAL SEP (Spontaneous Echocardiographic…

…following survival estimates: Likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was 29.7% (95% CI 27.6–31.7%) Likelihood of survival to hospital admission…

…in left bundle branch block (LBBB), which explains why paced QRS complexes are similar to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of…

…pressure favor coronary blood flow. A CPP of approximately ≥ 15 mmHg is required to induce spontaneous electrical activity in myocardial cells. CPP below 15 mmHg…

…sinus rhythm. A brief run of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs after the 4th beat. The VT terminates spontaneously after a few beats, and reoccurs…

…compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the nasal bone instead of the soft part…

…with multiple ventricular premature beats) spontaneously converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial blood pressure (ABP) drops at the onset of TdP…

…completely relieved and ST segment elevation is completely normalized spontaneously or after nitroglycerin administration (provided there is no recurrence of symptoms or ST segment elevation)…

…the cells of the sinus node are capable of spontaneously discharging an action potential. This ability is referred to as automaticity . The cells of the…

…e. the ability to depolarize spontaneously). These structures are as follows: The sinoatrial (SA) node: the sinoatrial node is the primary pacemaker of the heart…

…asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…cause of the arrhythmia already affects cellular function. This results in electrical instability which explains why ventricular tachycardia may progress to ventricular fibrillation. Left untreated…