…and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia, although capable of causing cardiac arrest, is an…

…as this distinction significantly informs both diagnostic reasoning and treatment decisions in clinical practice. Note that the terms tachycardia and tachyarrhythmia will be used interchangeably…

…hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ®…

…Diagnostic Impact LBBB causes extensive reorganization of left ventricular activation [2]. This leads to abnormal LV mechanical function [7]. Furthermore, LBBB significantly complicates the electrocardiographic…

…disease, the principal symptomatic indication for revascularization is angina that remains refractory despite medical therapy when significant stenoses are anatomically or physiologically suitable for treatment…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and functional imaging have higher diagnostic performance. Its most consistent contemporary role is therefore the assessment of functional capacity, symptoms…

…Chronic atrial flutter. The observant will notice that the classification differs slightly from that of atrial fibrillation. Acute and paroxysmal cases are common in clinical…

…The ECG must always be interpreted using a systematic approach in order to minimize the probability of missing significant abnormalities. The following parameters must be…

…in acute haemorrhage and a normal value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage meeting the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol…

…instead of the soft part, and lets go after two minutes. Management is a ladder — compression, cautery, anterior packing — and each step presupposes that the…

…Neuroglycopenic symptoms An inadequate supply of glucose to the brain can cause: difficulty concentrating irritability or abnormal behaviour slurred speech visual disturbance confusion focal neurological…

…DOAC , not as the standard option. Contraindications Ongoing clinically significant bleeding. Pregnancy in the first trimester and close to delivery (embryopathy and fetal bleeding respectively)…

…lead to a significant increase in exposure to ticagrelor. Dosage: Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment with Ticagrelor should start with a loading dose of 180 mg…

…central practical principle is that the visual severity of a stenosis does not reliably establish its haemodynamic importance. A lesion that appears moderate may be…

…likelihood or no previous diagnosis of CAD Characteristics suggesting that good quality imaging is achievable It is particularly useful when the clinical question is whether…

…toxicity. Several underlying conditions increase a patient's sensitivity to digitalis related arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the presence of worsening renal function, advanced…

…at the dawn of the 20th century, widespread acceptance was delayed, partly due to autopsy studies demonstrating an absence of coronary thrombi in a significant…

…or discomfort An accelerating pattern of angina, with increasing frequency or severity Symptoms that awaken the patient from sleep Clinical assessment must be integrated with…

…light rather than ultrasound. Its resolution is substantially higher than that of IVUS, approximately 5–20 µm depending on the system, compared with roughly 70…

…these vessels perfuse a large proportion of the left ventricular myocardium, left main disease carries a substantial prognostic significance. The myocardial territory at risk has…

…patients therefore require protection against inhibition during the period of anticipated EMI. The perioperative strategy should also recognize that CRT patients may rely on continuous…

…clinically significant infarction. Mechanisms of injury Procedural injury may result from acute compromise of coronary flow. Mechanisms include: Coronary dissection with obstruction of the true…

…the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), in non obstructive coronary arteries, or in patients with intermediate lesions that do not produce physiologically significant…

…ventricular hypertrophy, and to the left in left ventricular hypertrophy). ST T segment Significant hypertrophy may result in abnormal depolarization of the ventricular myocardium. This…

…control implies the use of medications that slow ventricular rate (beta blockers being the mainstay of this therapy). Rate control does not affect the rhythm…

…significant hemodynamic compromise. However, in cases of rapid AVNRT or in patients with underlying structural heart disease, the arrhythmia may result in symptoms indicative of…

…Cardiac arrest—the science and practice of resuscitation medicine. Kitamura T, Kiyohara K, Sakai T, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital…

…category includes all acute coronary syndromes without significant ST segment elevations on ECG. NSTE ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e…

…dramatically over the past few decades. This has resulted in an increased prevalence of congenital heart disease in the general population, such that most clinicians…

…Ischemic cardiomyopathy should be suspected if there is significant stenosis ( 75% luminal obstruction) of the left main coronary artery (LAD) or 2 epicardial coronary arteries…

…available diagnostic tool that can provide essential clues to LMCA occlusion or critical stenosis. This chapter reviews the ECG features suggestive of significant LMCA disease…

…of those in the extracorporeal CPR group and 16% in the conventional CPR group had a favorable neurologic outcome. This difference was not statistically significant…

…hypertrophy caused by increased loading conditions. The latter is far more common and the conditions may coexist. A significant percentage of the population has hypertension…

…mmHg Uncorrected medical conditions, such as significant anemia, important electrolyte imbalance, and hyperthyroidism Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, with increased risk of hypotension in patients…

…the fact that the left ventricle pumps against greater resistance and any disturbance in ventricular activation will reduce the efficiency of the pumping function. The…

…They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease, or a history of significant reactive airway disease. Contraindications also include second degree or third degree…

…conditions, particularly in significant coronary artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of…

…surgery, hypercoagulability, and pregnancy are common risk factors (see Risk factors below). A significant proportion of cases with pulmonary embolism require thrombolysis to dissolve the…

…SP, Frankel T, Cohn LH, Adams DH. Long term outcomes of tricuspid valve replacement in the current era. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:845–850.

…as are those conditions. Regardless of etiology and ECG, ventricular tachycardia is always a potentially life threatening arrhythmia that requires immediate attention. The ventricular rate…

…other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology early…

…Mixed picture of DKA and HHS Overlap is common. Treat as mixed DKA and HHS if the patient has marked hyperosmolality together with significant ketosis…

Referensvärden The normal values below apply to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10…

…of the bleeding that determines the outcome. Transfusion restores circulating volume, oxygen transport and haemostatic capacity, but it cannot compensate for an uncontrolled source of…

…Dialysis is then the way forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive…

…of ventricular tachycardia, it is important to be able to differentiate these entities. The older the patient and the more significant the heart disease, the…

…conditions, measure the RVOT diameter perpendicular to the pulmonary valve. 4. Pulmonary Valve Velocity Time Integral (PV VTI) Optimal View : Short axis (SAX) view of…

…the calculator generates a 5 year SCD risk percentage , which helps clinicians stratify patients into low, intermediate, or high risk categories. A significant shortcoming of…

…hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ®…

…by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage. Bleeding outcomes The principal harm of aspirin in primary prevention is bleeding…

…this composite outcome by approximately 13%: Hazard ratio: 0.87 95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.96 P = .004 Other summaries of the trial…

…diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health crisis. It is believed that the virus was…

…Coronary compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible ischaemia. The functional impact depends on the bridge’s thickness…

…The clinical presentation, whether ACS or chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Whether and how PCI was performed. The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of…

…Recent evidence clarifies that while the benefits in conditions like osteoarthritis and obstructive sleep apnea primarily reflect the extent of weight loss, the reductions in…

…for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and unobstructed…

…prompting consideration of revascularization. The likelihood that symptoms are attributable to the CTO is increased when non invasive testing demonstrates significant inducible ischaemia and preserved…

…novo after delivery. New onset postpartum preeclampsia is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the postpartum period. Maternal and…

…relatively limited elevation of left sided filling pressure. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment should establish whether the patient has clinically significant right ventricular failure…