…in CHD Echocardiography is performed in all patients with suspected CHD. Echocardiography provides detailed morphological and functional information. The vast majority of cases can be…

…calcified and therefore cannot be identified reliably by radiography. Assessment should include consideration of associated vascular disease. In patients with AAA, duplex ultrasound screening for…

…s plasma and the red cells of the individual donor unit When irregular antibodies have been demonstrated, when the screening result is unclear, and otherwise…

…of fasting before the test is recommended. Shoes and clothing should be suitable for exercise. Motivation is of utmost importance because the patient must perform

…available evidence described here. Systematic screening of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment…

…per week of vigorous intensity aerobic activity; or An equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity activity. Muscle strengthening exercise should additionally be performed on…

…clinical utility of exercise stress testing is immense and the procedure may be used in numerous situations, ranging from health screening to assessment of symptoms…

…22 above 70 years, and reduced food intake together form the basis of most screening instruments and should prompt a nutritional assessment. See also unintentional…

…targeted screening to be cost effective. For asymptomatic stenosis of at least 70%, the reported 5 year ipsilateral stroke risk is 14.6%, and revascularisation…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Definition and scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who…

…screening and a careful clinical, medical, social and multigenerational family history. The evaluation should establish: The magnitude of untreated LDL C elevation. The presence and…

…substantial proportion of cases. The cardiorenal and cerebrovascular consequences of unrecognized PA make early case detection clinically important. Current European recommendations advise screening adults with…

…the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick, low cost, and reliable screening tool for…

…brachial index (TBI). The digital arteries rarely calcify, which makes toe pressure the method of choice in diabetes and renal failure. A normal TBI is ≥

…positive The interval is counted from the most recent sample analysed for HPV. Invitations are sent up to and including the age of 70, and…

…High Obesity 35.0–39.9 II Very high Extreme obesity ≥40 III Extremely high BMI is useful for screening and population level risk estimation…

…medical and medication histories should specifically assess drugs or substances that may increase blood pressure. The source material does not provide an exhaustive list of…

…medical history indicating possible secondary hypertension should undergo appropriate screening for an underlying secondary cause. Evaluation and physical examination Standardized office measurement Accurate technique is…

…infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those…

…diabetes; systematic screening for diabetes is therefore recommended in patients with CVD. The clinical consequences of diabetes may present through any major cardiovascular phenotype: CAD…

…ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is more common). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation correlates strongly…

…Screening of family members is justified, including a 12 lead ECG, echocardiography, clinical examination and a pedigree. Studies show that approximately 30% of family members…

…worldwide have hypertension. Symptoms of hypertension Hypertension is most often asymptomatic. The high prevalence and asymptomatic nature of the disease motivates liberal screening among adult

…and sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young individuals. Among athletes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death. Therefore, current screening recommendations…