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CPAP and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)

…oesophagus or upper gastrointestinal tract, ileus and ongoing upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Marked agitation or inability to cooperate. Copious secretions without an effective cough. Choice of…

Reduction of dislocations

…the reduction , together with the distal pulse and sensation throughout the arm. External rotation (the Hennepin technique). The patient lies supine or sits. The upper…

Arterial Hypertension: Definition, Diagnosis and Out-of-Office Measurement

…blood pressure reduction may also occur in selected people whose pressure is elevated but below the conventional hypertension threshold. The traditional diagnostic threshold of 140…

Incretins in Cardiometabolic Medicine: Leveraging GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Receptor Agonism for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

…lowering alone. Meta analyses have shown that the risk reduction in MACE is largely independent of baseline HbA1c or the magnitude of HbA1c reduction. 7…

Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed…

Blood pressure

…of hypertension is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by home measurement or…

P-wave, PR interval, PR segment: physiology, criteria & ECG findings

…a reflection of right atrial depolarization and the second half is a reflection of left atrial depolarization. This is shown in Figure 3 (upper panel…

Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG

…a reflection of right atrial activation and the second half is a reflection of left atrial activation. This is shown in Figure 1 (upper panel…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…should be distinguished from severe muscle injury. Myopathy is characterized by muscle symptoms accompanied by CK greater than 10 times the upper limit of no

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact transfusion medicine before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment Compatibility testing Test What…

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