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Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…the inverted triangle formed between the acromion and the lower tip of the muscle insertion. 3. Stretch the skin with the thumb and index finger…

Casting and immobilisation

…immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to be treated conservatively. Immobilisation after reduction of a dislocation. Immobilisation of a ligament injury, a tendon injury…

Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG

…with the right atrium being depolarized before the left atrium. The first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial activation…

Overview of the ECG Waves, Deflections, Intervals, Durations

…left ventricle is usually considerably larger than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left…

Technical aspects of the ultrasound image

Echocardiography Generating the ultrasound image The ultrasound transducer generates short bursts (pulses) of ultrasound waves. Reflected ultrasound waves are analyzed by the machine during the…

ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave)

…left ventricle is many times larger than the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization…

Brugada Syndrome: Diagnosis & SCD Prevention

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…impaired renal venous outflow and persistent right sided congestion may be important mechanisms. Diuretics relieve the hemodynamic consequences of congestion by producing a negative sodium…

Coronary Anatomy and Segmental Classification for the Clinician

…visual diameter reduction. Relevant determinants include: Lesion eccentricity Vessel tortuosity Calcification Plaque rupture or asymmetric filling defects Serial lesions Vessel size The relationship of the…

P-wave, PR interval, PR segment: physiology, criteria & ECG findings

…with the right atrium being depolarized before the left atrium. The first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial depolarization…

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