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Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…injection is placed too high — which causes the shoulder injury known as SIRVA. Both are avoided with the right landmark and the right needle length…

Overview of the ECG Waves, Deflections, Intervals, Durations

…left ventricle is usually considerably larger than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left…

Casting and immobilisation

…Immobilisation after reduction of a dislocation. Immobilisation of a ligament injury, a tendon injury, or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…objective of decongestion is clinical euvolemia rather than an isolated numerical change in weight. Assessment should integrate the history, physical examination, laboratory data and diagnostic…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…to BNP and NT proBNP in heart failure (HF). The biologically active natriuretic peptides promote vasodilation, renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac…

Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management

…2. Sinus bradycardia, two premature ventricular contractions, incomplete right bundle branch block and ST segment depressions in V2 V6. Click to zoom. Figure 3. Sinus…

Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG

…The first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial activation and the second half is a reflection of left atrial…

Technical aspects of the ultrasound image

…image of the tissue, the ultrasound machine must overcome the following technical obstacles. The ultrasound machine must know which sound waves are reflected and from…

ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave)

…left ventricle is many times larger than the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization…

Brugada Syndrome: Diagnosis & SCD Prevention

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

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