…patients with severe aortic stenosis, particularly the low flow, low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5, 10]. A history of increasing…

…after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long term glucocorticoid treatment. A basal morning cortisol in the grey…

…volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload …

…of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external…

…about suppression of the HPA axis, where a long half life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary…

…names : Adenocor Mechanism of action Adenosine works by slowing down the impulse transmission through the atrioventricular (AV) node, thereby interfering with the pathway that enables…

…diuretic classes Diuretic resistance or end stage renal failure Consider renal replacement therapy Hypoperfusion with persistent organ injury Consider mechanical circulatory support Refractory advanced disease…

…with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease at a rate of…

…or is there approaching, an indication for dialysis? AKI occurs in about one fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is…

…on the ventilator. See the article on confusion for the management of delirium in intensive care. Renal replacement therapy Absolute indications: refractory hyperkalaemia, refractory acidosis…