…atrial fibrillation with impulses conducted via an accessory pathway [see Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome]); blocking AV node conduction may result in accelerated transmission of atrial…

…often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites, and hepatic enlargement [8, 10]. Atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation and…

…mL/min/1.73 m² Abnormal urinalysis or renal imaging Risk of progression rises with proteinuria and depends on cause 2 60 mL/min/1…

…diuretic classes Diuretic resistance or end stage renal failure Consider renal replacement therapy Hypoperfusion with persistent organ injury Consider mechanical circulatory support Refractory advanced disease…

…Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long…

…after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long term glucocorticoid treatment. A basal morning cortisol in the grey…

…Potassium replacement is not the management of a side effect; it is part of the treatment itself. Indications Salicylate poisoning with symptoms or a rising…

…about suppression of the HPA axis, where a long half life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary…

…is flexed. The dorsum of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital…

…with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease at a rate of…