…host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds to an acute increase in the SOFA score of at least 2 points. Septic shock is the…

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

…corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions…

…least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does not provide the individual ARC HBR criteria. Modification of antiplatelet therapy may involve:…

…and an increased transfusion requirement. Pregnancy, medication and arrhythmia affect its interpretation. The shock index must never replace clinical assessment [1]. In trauma, the AB

…adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly unstable. Transcutaneous pacing Equipment A defibrillator with a…

…transferred directly to patients with less acute outpatient symptoms. Natriuretic peptides supplement, rather than replace, clinical assessment. The result should be integrated with the history…

…greater precision in the calculation of ejection fraction, and 3D measurements will presumably replace 2D measurements in the future. Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is…

…mode was previously the dominating modality in echocardiography. Although it has now largely been replaced by 2D echocardiography, it is still used in clinical practice…

…is defined by the gradual loss of myocardial cells, which are replaced by fat and fibrous tissue. This process begins in the epicardium and gradually…

…commonly mitral stenosis). Simultaneous tricuspid regurgitation is also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment of tricuspid stenosis. Yet, there is no consensus…

…morphology, which replaces the sharp negative S wave seen in the low risk beat — the previously undescribed biomarker identified by the deep learning model. Predicting…

…Doppler studies are considered reliable and comparable to catheterization, and Doppler studies have largely replaced catheterization. This section discusses hemodynamic principles and how these can…

…The premature ventricular impulse replaces a sinus beat and induces a delay to the next sinus beat (the RR interval is increased after a premature…

…DAPT is generally a temporary strategy. At an appropriate point, it is usually replaced by single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT), most often aspirin. In selected patients…

…high. When the battery is depleted, the entire system must be replaced. Pacemaker leads and electrodes Pacemaker leads contain conductors wrapped in insulation (Figure 2)…

…is the most prevalent etiology. The necrotic myocardium is replaced by dense collagenous scar, interspersed with surviving bundles of myocytes that form the slow conducting…