…selected patients with high ischemic risk and low bleeding risk. These strategies are intended primarily to reduce bleeding rather than to replace the default 12…

…patients with impaired renal function, reflecting both reduced clearance and the high prevalence of structural heart disease in this population. Obesity is associated with lower…

…greater precision in the calculation of ejection fraction, and 3D measurements will presumably replace 2D measurements in the future. Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is…

…mode was previously the dominating modality in echocardiography. Although it has now largely been replaced by 2D echocardiography, it is still used in clinical practice…

…the slurred terminal portion of the R wave in the high risk morphology, which replaces the sharp negative S wave seen in the low risk…

…same time has a lactate above 2 mmol/L. This combination carries a high mortality [1,2]. Give antibiotics immediately and aim for administration within…

…strong after ACS and coronary stent implantation. ACS is associated with a high risk of platelet driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent…

…undergone a profound paradigm shift. Driven by advanced electroanatomical mapping, high resolution cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, and landmark clinical trials, the field has transitioned…

…requirement is extensive, or if the stimulus threshold (discussed below) is high. When the battery is depleted, the entire system must be replaced. Pacemaker leads…

Procedurer Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and…

…corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions…

…and an increased transfusion requirement. Pregnancy, medication and arrhythmia affect its interpretation. The shock index must never replace clinical assessment [1]. In trauma, the AB

…adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly unstable. Transcutaneous pacing Equipment A defibrillator with a…

…is defined by the gradual loss of myocardial cells, which are replaced by fat and fibrous tissue. This process begins in the epicardium and gradually…

…commonly mitral stenosis). Simultaneous tricuspid regurgitation is also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment of tricuspid stenosis. Yet, there is no consensus…

…Doppler studies are considered reliable and comparable to catheterization, and Doppler studies have largely replaced catheterization. This section discusses hemodynamic principles and how these can…

…The premature ventricular impulse replaces a sinus beat and induces a delay to the next sinus beat (the RR interval is increased after a premature…