…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

…suspected. Do not wait for a complete diagnosis or for grading. Antihistamines, corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed…

…The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel or ticagrelor…

…haemostatic capacity, but it cannot compensate for an uncontrolled source of bleeding. Minimise the time to surgery, endoscopy, an obstetric procedure or angiographic intervention. Summon…

…pacing: burns or wounds in the area where the pads would go. Transvenous pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous…

…in the emergency department for acute dyspnoea should not be transferred directly to patients with less acute outpatient symptoms. Natriuretic peptides supplement, rather than replace…

…3D measurements will presumably replace 2D measurements in the future. Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is considered the gold standard for the calculation of ejection…

…mode was previously the dominating modality in echocardiography. Although it has now largely been replaced by 2D echocardiography, it is still used in clinical practice…

…is defined by the gradual loss of myocardial cells, which are replaced by fat and fibrous tissue. This process begins in the epicardium and gradually…

…accompanied by aortic or mitral disease (most commonly mitral stenosis). Simultaneous tricuspid regurgitation is also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment of…

…other end, roughly two thirds of ICDs implanted for reduced LVEF never deliver an appropriate shock, so the false positive burden is substantial. Alternative modalities…

…volumes, and pressure conditions in the heart. These techniques allow for the calculation of all clinically relevant hemodynamic parameters, with few exceptions. Prior to the…

…partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0.12 s). Refer to Figure 1 for…

…sets of blood cultures, and a culture from the likely focus 0 to 15 min Ringer's acetate for hypotension or hypoperfusion, usually 500 mL…

…objectives DAPT is used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization. After elective PCI for CCS , particularly after stent implantation…

…requirement is extensive, or if the stimulus threshold (discussed below) is high. When the battery is depleted, the entire system must be replaced. Pacemaker leads…

…The necrotic myocardium is replaced by dense collagenous scar, interspersed with surviving bundles of myocytes that form the slow conducting isthmuses critical for re entry …