…effect varies tenfold between individuals, and the only way to find the right level is to give a small dose, wait until it has worked…

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

…larger volumes and depot preparations; safer than the dorsogluteal site because the sciatic nerve and the superior gluteal artery are avoided. The patient lies on…

…is myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial…

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

…symptoms, the rate of rise, renal function and the clinical context , not by the potassium value alone. A normal ECG does not exclude dangerous hyperkalaemia…

…or repeated a modified release preparation or a combination product concurrent drugs, alcohol and illicit substances weight, age, pregnancy and comorbidity renal and hepatic function…

…injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute…

…through intimal thickening. DES release antiproliferative and anti inflammatory agents from the stent surface and have substantially reduced this process compared with BMS. Neoatherosclerosis Neoatherosclerosis…

…an atherosclerotic plaque may also release atherosclerotic debris downstream, causing microvascular embolization (i.e occluding smaller vessels downstream). The thrombosis causes occlusion of the artery…

…25–50 per cent and titrate. At a high dose, in old age or in renal failure, reduce it further. Starting doses in acute pain…

…Objective evidence of myocardial ischaemia. Absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined as no stenosis exceeding 50% diameter reduction and/or an FFR 0.80…

…injury. Mechanisms of troponin release Troponin I and troponin T are components of the myocardial contractile apparatus and are expressed predominantly in cardiac muscle. Troponin…

…sustained release formulation. Note: activated charcoal is ineffective against alcohols, lithium, and heavy metals. Enhance elimination Induce diuresis through urine alkalinization, contingent upon renal elimination…

…cTnI is the most cardiac specific biomarker. Troponin T (cTnT) is cardiac specific but the cTnT assays also detect proteins released from skeletal muscle. Consequently…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released from injured cardiomyocytes at substantially lower concentrations than earlier generation assays…

…dose : 0.5 3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels…

…dose : 0.5 3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels…

…vasodilatation. D1 and D2 (dopamine receptors): activation of D1 and D2 in the kidneys and the splanchnic vascular bed leads to renal and mesenteric vasodilatation…

…and 6 mm. A size 15 scalpel, a double edged razor blade or a flexible shave blade. Artery forceps, toothed surgical forceps, scissors, a needle…

…cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease. Hyperuricaemia and Endothelial Dysfunction Insulin resistance impairs renal tubular handling of uric acid and may contribute to hyperuricaemia. Uric…

…pupillary reflex. Importantly, pupillary size and reactivity are influenced by factors beyond neural activity. Systemic catecholamines released or administered during resuscitation can affect pupil to