…by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of…

…Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric emptying is delayed — may justify charcoal later, in some cases up to 6 hours or more…

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

…itching and urticaria are usually due to histamine release, not allergy. Concurrent MAO inhibitor, particularly with pethidine. Caution: untreated sleep apnoea, a concurrent benzodiazepine or…

…unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children, a need for an antidote or dialysis, and whenever the clinical course deviates…

…presentation to persistent chest discomfort, cardiac arrest, electrical or haemodynamic instability, and cardiogenic shock. ACS is distinct from myocardial infarction (MI). MI denotes cardiomyocyte necrosis…

…Provoking and relieving factors. Associated symptoms. Similarity to previous documented angina or myocardial infarction. Atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk factors. Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue…

…helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms Mechanical abnormalities may initiate or perpetuate ISR…

…They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is produced predominantly by atrial tissue…

…rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque. Upon such damage, the plaque exposes highly thrombogenic materials which activate circulating platelets and coagulation…

…preparations and irritant drugs: pull the skin and subcutaneous tissue 2–3 cm to one side, inject, wait 10 seconds, withdraw the needle and release…

…is incomplete: reduce the calculated equianalgesic dose by 25–50 per cent and titrate. At a high dose, in old age or in renal failure…

…characterized invasively by reduced CFR and increased microvascular resistance, measured by the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), hyperaemic microvascular resistance (HMR), or microvascular resistance reserve …

…specific 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic…

…ingested substance has the propensity to form bezoars or is a sustained release formulation. Note: activated charcoal is ineffective against alcohols, lithium, and heavy metals…

…detect proteins released from skeletal muscle. Consequently, skeletal muscle damage or inflammation may result in elevated cTnT levels. Although both troponin T and I may…

…influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic influences; sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction through the release of norepinephrine, while parasympathetic activation can cause vasodilation via acetylcholine release…

…ECG, and normal initial troponin may be observed in a chest pain unit or another non intensive care setting while serial testing is completed. Diagnostic…

…releases norepinephrine and thus increases contractility, chronotropy and mild increase in SVR. Ventricular arrhythmias Myocardial ischemia Tissue ischemia (high doses or extravasation) Dopamine high dose…

…releases norepinephrine and thus increases contractility, chronotropy and mild increase in SVR. Ventricular arrhythmias Myocardial ischemia Tissue ischemia (high doses or extravasation) Dopamine high dose…

…β1, releases noradrenaline and thereby increases contractility and chronotropy, with a slight rise in SVR. Ventricular arrhythmias. Myocardial ischaemia. Tissue ischaemia (high doses or extravasation)…

…of 2, 3, 4 and 6 mm. A size 15 scalpel, a double edged razor blade or a flexible shave blade. Artery forceps, toothed surgical…

…abdominal, or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The…

…pupillary reflex. Importantly, pupillary size and reactivity are influenced by factors beyond neural activity. Systemic catecholamines released or administered during resuscitation can affect pupil to