…with a high BMI, and that the deltoid injection is placed too high — which causes the shoulder injury known as SIRVA. Both are avoided with…

…but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Levels may also rise with: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction Valvular heart disease Pulmonary hypertension…

…Structural CMD: resting vascular tone is increased, potentially reflecting capillary rarefaction, fibrosis, or left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension, diabetes, and elevated NT proBNP are more frequent…

…be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of unsightly or hypertrophic scars: the sternum, the shoulder, the jawline, the ears. Anatomically hazardous…

…and releases additional inflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Perinephric fat is associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability, while obesity and hypertension together promote left ventricular…

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

…a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs…

…around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children…

…injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute…

…is myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial…

…recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form of arterial hyperplastic disease arising after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In contemporary practice…

…which results in thrombus formation (Figure 1). Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque may also release atherosclerotic debris downstream, causing microvascular embolization (i.e occluding smaller…

…release tablet and an as required opioid at the same time. Opioids in abdominal pain of unclear cause do not delay the diagnosis and should…

…changing troponin concentration without evidence of ischaemia should instead be classified as acute myocardial injury. Mechanisms of troponin release Troponin I and troponin T are…

…lithium, or potassium intoxication where lavage might prove beneficial, the procedure should be conducted post intubation. Avoid lavage if gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction is suspected…

…cTnI is the most cardiac specific biomarker. Troponin T (cTnT) is cardiac specific but the cTnT assays also detect proteins released from skeletal muscle. Consequently…

…and parasympathetic influences; sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction through the release of norepinephrine, while parasympathetic activation can cause vasodilation via acetylcholine release. These mechanisms collectively…

…and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released from injured cardiomyocytes at substantially lower concentrations than earlier generation assays…

…0 μg/kg/min. + ++++ + +++++ Medium dose dopamine activates β1, releases norepinephrine and thus increases contractility, chronotropy and mild increase in SVR. Ventricular arrhythmias Myocardial…

…0 μg/kg/min. + ++++ + +++++ Medium dose dopamine activates β1, releases norepinephrine and thus increases contractility, chronotropy and mild increase in SVR. Ventricular arrhythmias Myocardial…

…10.0 μg/kg/min + ++++ + +++++ Intermediate dose dopamine activates β1, releases noradrenaline and thereby increases contractility and chronotropy, with a slight rise in SVR…

…pupillary reflex. Importantly, pupillary size and reactivity are influenced by factors beyond neural activity. Systemic catecholamines released or administered during resuscitation can affect pupil to